1. WELCOME TO
POLYMER
PLANET

2. POLYMERS ARE EVERYWHERE

3. Latin: Plasticus, that which can be molded
Polymer
This name hints at how polymers are made
Many Parts
PLASTICS
This name honors plastics useful property of being easily molded
Latin: Plasticus, that which can be molded

4. monomers
Polymer
The word, polymer, implies that polymers are constructed from pieces (monomers) that can be easily connected into long chains (polymer). When you look at the above shapes, your mind should see that they could easily fit together.

5. Cotton: a natural polymer
What is its building block (monomer)?

6. Cotton fiber is mostly cellulose, and cellulose is made of chains of the sugar, glucose linked together a certain way.

7. Glucose Two ring-shape versions
Glucose Structural formula. Straight chain glucose
Glucose glucose bending 1
Used in making starch
H-C=O | H-C-OH | HO-C-H | H-C-OH | H-C-OH | CH2OH 2 3
flips either way
bends 4
alpha-glucose 5
Used in making cellulose 6
Glucose bends itself into 4 different shapes millions of times a second
beta-glucose

8. NYLON
A man-made
polymer

9. Nylon in Tires and Rope
and Clothes

10. Nylon is used in clothes, shoes, jackets, belts, and accessories
Nylon is used in clothes, shoes, jackets, belts, and accessories. It’s not surprising a magazine is named after this polymer. Where did nylon get its name?
Magazine named Nylong
Nylon was discovered in The name nylon is derived from two cities where it was discovered namely New York (NY) and London (LON).

11. Part 1 Polymer Characteristics and Classifications
Polymer Chemistry
Part 1
Polymer Characteristics and Classifications

12. Definitions
Polymer – A very long molecule composed of repeating units connected by covalent bonds
Monomer – A repeated unit in a polymer. The reactant for the polymerization reaction.

13. Characterizing a Polymer
Structure
Classification
Synthesis

14. Structure of a Polymer
Skeletal Structure
Chemical Structure

15. Skeletal Structure
Linear – a chain with two ends

16. Skeletal Structure
Branched – have side chains

17. Skeletal Structure
Crosslinked (Networked) – chains are connected to other chains

18. Chemical Structure Homopolymer – only one monomer (repeating unit)
- A – A – A – A – A – A – A -
Copolymer – more than one monomer

19. Copolymers Alternating - A – B – A – B – A – B – A – B -
- A – A – B – B – A – A – B – B -
Block
-A-A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-B-A-A-A-A-A-
-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-

20. Copolymers Graft B-B-B-B-B-B-B B -A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-

21. Classifications
Thermoplastic
Elastomer
Thermoset

22. Thermoplastics
Linear or branched polymers which can be melted when heat is applied.
Can be molded into any shape with processing techniques such as injection molding or extrusion.
Most common “plastics”

23. Thermoplastics
Plastics – bottles, grocery bags, water piping, rope, fishing line, car parts
Most are recyclable
Natural thermoplastics – silk, cellulose (proteins), polylactic acid

24. Codes for Plastics 1 – PETE – soft drink bottles
2 – LDPE – plastic bags, toys
3 – PVC – water pipes
4 – HDPE – milk jugs
5 – PP – bottle caps
6 – PS – styrofoam

25. Elastomers
Crosslinked (networked) rubbery polymers that can be stretched easily (3-10x original size)
Rapidly recover original dimensions when applied stress is released.
Low degree of crosslinking

26. Elastomers Uses – examination gloves, rubber bands, bouncing balls
Not recyclable
Degrades (burns/scorches) when heat is added
Natural elastomers – natural rubber, latex

27. Thermosets Normally are rigid materials.
Network polymers in which chain motion is greatly restricted by a high degree of crosslinking.
Cannot be reshaped once formed.
epoxy

28. Thermosets
Uses – high temperature electrical applications, super glue, counter top laminates, epoxy resins, tires (vulcanized rubber)
Cannot be recycled (burn/scorch with heat)
Natural* thermosets – vulcanized rubber

29. Part 2 Polymer Synthesis
Polymer Chemistry
Part 2
Polymer Synthesis

30. Polycondensation
Reactions in which small molecules (H2O, HCl) are eliminated when the monomers combine.

32. Polyaddition
Reactions in which monomers combine without the elimination of a small molecule.
Usually involves the breaking of a double bond.

34. Polyaddition with Radicals
Initiation – Creation of an active site (free radical).
Propagation – Growth of polymer chain by addition of a monomer to an active site and the creation of a new active site.

35. Polyaddition with Radicals
Termination – Growth of chain stops.
Combination – Two growing chains collide.
Disproportionation – A hydrogen atom is added to the end of a growing chain.

37. Two ingredients are mixed and a solid begins to form at the junction between the two layers of liquid.
Hot nylon spaghetti can be extracted.
We say certain polymers are man-made, but the truth is they make themselves. Humans only have to get the ingredients near each other. The chemicals will assemble themselves.

38. The students are handling the nylon string that was produced
The students are handling the nylon string that was produced. Notice there’s some kind of odor that is being noticed.

39. Tetramethylene dicarboxylic acid (adipic acid) Hexamethylene diamine
methylene x 6 (hexa)
amine x 2 (di)
Nylon is actually a “copolymer” because is it made from two monomers. When these two monomers are in the same beaker, they combine and give off a molecule of water. This is called a “dehydration” reaction because we are taking away (de) water (hydra). (regarding odor: amines smell like fish or worse. Adipic acid is odorless )
dehydration reaction is a condensation reaction with water as the molecule that comes off.

40. Dehydration Reaction

41. Polyester is a another copolymer
Polyester is a another copolymer. It is made from equal amounts of two different monomers. Polyester is used to make bottles and fabrics.

42. Hence the name POLYESTER ESTER groups formed
Polyester is made from the two monomers, terephthalic acid (note: “ph” is silent) and ethylene glycol (car antifreeze). This makes a popular plastic called PETE, which is short for Polyethylene Terephthalate. The synthesis is also a dehydration reaction because water is given off.
PETE O O C H
Hence the name POLYESTER
ESTER groups formed

43. There was even a movie called "Polyester" which showcased a carefree lifestyle. Polyester fabrics were "drip-dry" also called “wash and wear”, meaning they were quick to wash, quick to dry, and no ironing needed. This freed you to have fun rather than doing household chores.

44. A polymer made form just one monomer is polyethylene
A polymer made form just one monomer is polyethylene. It is the most common plastic you see.
It is used for bottles, buckets, jugs, containers, toys, even synthetic lumber, and many other things.

45. Before we show how polyethylene is made from its monomer, ethylene, let’s review the structure of some similar compounds to ethylene.

46. Ethylene has two carbons; plus, instead of the two carbons sharing just one electron each, they share two electrons each. High temperature or UV light can cause two of these shared (paired) electrons to become unshared (unpaired). C H H H
These unpaired electrons are eager to pair up with another electron. If this ethylene molecule bumps another ethylene molecule, the unpaired electrons will cause the one it bumped into to lend one of its inner electrons. C C - - C C H H - - C - C - - - C C - -

47. Here’s another way to see the chain reaction
Here’s another way to see the chain reaction. These are the carbon atoms with their double-bond (2 shared electrons each). The hydrogen atoms are not shown. A collision breaks the first bond.
Once the first double bond is broken, a chain reaction will occur. In about a second an entire chamber of compressed ethylene gas turns into the polymer, polyethylene.

48. There are two types of polyethylene polymers (plastics)
There are two types of polyethylene polymers (plastics). One is when the polyethylene exists as long straight chains. The picture here shows the chains of one carbon with two hydrogen atoms repeating. The chain can be as long as 20,000 carbons to 35,000 carbons. This is called high density polyethylene (HDPE).

49. When the chains get up to 500,000 carbons long, they are tough enough for synthetic ice, replacement joints, and bullet-proof vests.    Think about it. You start with ethylene gas molecules that can't stop a feather from passing through them. But after the double-bond of one ethylene molecule breaks, it causes a chain reaction that connects thousands to it. In less than a second, these long straight chains of carbon and hydrogen are strong enough to stop a bullet or play ice hockey on. Isn't chemistry wonderful.

50. We've mentioned high density polyethylene (HDPE); you probably were thinking, there must be low density polyethylene (LDPE). You are correct. It is made by causing the long chains of ethylene to branch. That way they cannot lie next each other, which reduces the density and strength of the polyethylene. This makes the plastic lighter and more flexible.

51. Low density polyethylene is used to make plastic bags, plastic wrap, and squeeze bottles, plus many other things.

52. Another polymer, which is almost the same as polyethylene, is PolyVinyl Chloride or PVC. The difference is that every other hydrogen is replaced with a chlorine atom (green sphere).

53. (CH2CHCl)n + O2  CO2 + CO + HCl + H2O
PVC pipes are used in our homes and they are even handy for making a table or chair. PVC is also used as insulation around electric wires in the home and the automobile. PVC is quite safe until it burns. The chlorines in the PVC combine with the hydrogen atoms in the PVC to form hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). When this contacts water in lungs or mouth, it turns to hydrochloric acid (HCl(aq)).

54. There are many types of plastics, but they all are based on taking one or two small molecules and starting a chain reaction that connects hundreds or thousands of these small molecules into long chains or branching chains. By controlling the length and the branching, you can control the final hardness or flexibility of the polymer plus qualities like resistance to solvents, acids, or heat.

55. The favorite properties of plastics are that they are inert and won't react with what is stored in them. They also are durable and won't easily decay, dissolve, or break apart. These are great qualities for things you keep, but when you throw them away, they won't decompose.

56. Since they don’t decompose, the answer is to recycle the plastics so they can be remade into something else. Here we see a bunch of CDs getting recycled.

57. The decks, fence, stepping stones, house shingles, and the sweat shirt, were all made from recycled plastic.

59. Recycle or we will have a polymer planet.