1. The Cold War
World History

2. The Cold War

3. The Alliance Breaks Apart
Two new powers would emerge from this war
The United States
The Soviet Union
These two countries would become Super Powers with the economic resources and military might that would dominate the globe
They would also become intense rivals and would come to divide the world

4. Growing Differences
Conflicting Ideologies and mutual distrust soon led to the conflict know as the Cold War
It was a state of tensions and hostilities among nations without armed conflict between the major rivals

5. Cause and Effect of the Cold War
System of Government
Soviet Union was a Communist dictatorship
United States is a democratic republic
Post War Conflict:
Both sides disagreed over Eastern Europe governments throughout Eastern Europe
United States resisted Soviet expansion and aided countries seeking to resist communism
Effect
Military:
Arms race between Soviet Union and United States led o the threat of nuclear war
Confrontations took place around the world including Germany, Cuba, Korea, and many other locations
Political:
Both sides formed a variety of alliances
Soviet Union eventually collapsed and United States became the worlds’ sloe superpower

6. Origins of the Cold War Stalin’s goals in Eastern Europe:
Spread of communism into the area
Create a Buffer Zone of friendly governments as a defense against Germany
As the Red Army (Soviets) pushed out the Germans from Eastern Europe it left behind occupying forces
The US and British did not approve of this
Stalin pointed out that the US did not consult with the USSR about peace terms for Italy or Japan both defeated and occupied by US/British forces, The same was true for USSR. It would determine the fate of the Eastern European lands overrun by the Red Army on the way to Berlin
Truman and Churchill rejected this idea and made Stalin promised “Free Elections” but Stalin ignored the pledge destroying rival government parties and installing pro Soviet communist governments throughout Eastern Europe

7. A Divided Europe
Churchill describes the Soviet control of Eastern Europe as an Iron Curtain dividing the continent
The Iron Curtin became a symbol of the Cold War along with fear
Europe would be described as Eastern and Western blocks
East was Soviet dominated communist countries and the West were democracies led by the United States

8. New Conflicts Develop
Churchill and Truman both saw communism as an evil force creeping across Europe and threatening countries around the world
The US abandoned its traditional Isolation (withdrawing from global affairs) but instead taking a leading role in the world
Soviets soon began backing communist rivals fighting in Greece
Stalin was also menacing Turkey in the Dead Sea linking the USSR to the Russian Black Sea coast to the

9. Truman Doctrine Truman takes actions with the Truman Doctrine
US would resist Soviet expansion in Europe or the world
The military and economic aid and advisors were sent to Greece and Turkey to help them withstand the communist threat
It was rooted in the idea of containment or limiting communism to the areas already under Soviet control
Stalin saw it as being encircled by capitalist wanting to isolate the Soviet Union

10. The Marshal Plan
To help strengthen democratic governments the US offered a massive aid package called the
The US would funnel food and economic assistance to Europe to help countries
Truman also offered aid to the USSR and its satellites or dependent states
Stalin saw it as a trick to win Eastern Europe over to capitalism and democracy and he forbade the Eastern European countries to accept US aid promising it from the USSR

11. Divisions in Germany
Germany had been divided into 4 zones of occupation by the US, France, Britain and USSR
The US France, and Great Britain decided to join their zones and encouraged Germans to rebuild
The USSR dismantled factories and took other resources back to help rebuild the USSR (Russia)
Germany thus became a divided nation
Western Germany was democratic and allowed the people to write their own constitution and regain self government
East Germany was communist and tied to Moscow

12. Looking Ahead After surrender the US occupied a ruined Japan
Germany had been divided into 4 zones of occupation
Problem: how to build a foundation for a stable peace

13. Berlin Airlift
Stalin’s resentment a the west to rebuild Germany triggered a crisis
The former capital of Berlin was also divided in to 4 zones and was deep within the Soviet zone.
In 1948 Stalin tried to force western Allies out of Berlin and sealed off every part of the city
Western powers responded to the blockade by mounting around the clock airlift
For more than a year cargo planes supplied West Berliners with food and fuel forcing the Soviets to end the blockade
Although the West won a victory it only deepened hostilities

14. Berlin Wall

15. Military Alliances
As tensions grew in 1949 the US Canada, and Nine other nations formed a new military alliance called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO
Members pledged to help one another if any one of them was attacked
In 1955 the USSR responded by forming its own military alliance called the Warsaw Pact and included the USSR and Seven satellites in Eastern Europe
Soviets used the military alliance to keep its satellites in order

16. NATO – Warsaw pact Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany
North Atlantic Treaty Org. Members
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
United Kingdom
United States
Greece
Turkey
West Germany
Spain
Warsaw Pact Member Nations
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Soviet Union

17. The Propaganda War Both sides participated in a propaganda war
US defending capitalism and democracy against communism and totalitarianism
The USSR clamed to struggle against western imperialism

18. Cold War Propaganda/ Duck and Cover

19. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union
After WWII, the USSR emerges as a superpower.
Stalin created a sphere of influence from the Baltic to the Balkans but dies in 195
Nikita Khrushchev emerges as the new Soviet leader
He pursues a policy of de-Stalinization by freeing political prisoners and easing censorship[
Sought a peaceful coexistence with the West
But when Hungarians revolted against communist rule in Khrushchev sent tanks in
Khrushchev’s successor was Brezhnev who held power from the 60’s to 80;s
He rigorously suppressed dissidents or people who spoke out against the government

20. The Cold War

21. Some Successes
After WWII the USSR had to rebuild its industry with priority given to industries such as steel, coal and heavy machinery
The government also poured resources into weapons, science and technology
In 1957 they launched Sputnik which was the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth
This was used to demonstrate the Soviet’s technological superiority to the USA
Citizens enjoyed benefits such as low rents, cheap bread, and day care for children, and low wages

22. The Space Race: Soviets had the first satellite (Sputnik and man in space (Yuri Gagarin: First Man in Space 1961)

23. US puts first man on the moon 1969

24. Failure of a Command Economy
Command Economy is one in which the government makes decisions on production / economy
It was plagued with severe problems
Collectivized agriculture was so unproductive that the USSR had to frequently import grain to feed its people
Consumer goods were far inferior to these made the West and luxuries were rare
A lifetime job security caused little incentive to produce better quality goods

25. Cuban Missile Crisis

26. Rivalry with the US
USSR and USA relations swung back and forth between confrontations and détente.
1961 USSR builds the Atomic Bomb increasing Cold War tensions
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis when Khrushchev tries to build nuclear missile bases in Cuba bring the two nations to the brink of war
Brezhnev invests in a huge military build stating the USSR had the right to intervene militarily in any Warsaw Pact nation while pursing detente (easing tensions) with the US
Détente ends when USSR invades Afghanistan to ensure Soviet influence in the neighboring nation which ended up draining the economy and causing a moral problem at home
Keith Hughes Cuban Missile Crisis

27. Cuban Missile Crisis

28. The Other Fellow Blinked

29. The Gorbachev Revolution
In 1985 a new leader Mikhail Gorbachev comes into power wanting to bring about reforms
He wanted to end Cold War tensions
Signed arms control treaties with the USA
In USSR he called for a new glasnost or openness, ending censorship and encouraged open discussions
He urged perestroika which meant the restructuring of the government (by reducing its size and complexity) and the economy (allow some free market enterprises and produce more and higher quality consumer goods)
Mr. Gorbachev tear down this wall:

30. Contrasting Economic Systems
MARKET ECONOMIES (such as the US)
The government has minimal involvement in the economy
Market forces such as supply and deman determine the type and quantity of oods and products
Wages and prices are set largely by market forces
Private citizens and businesses own most property
COMMAND ECONOMIES (such as USSR)
The government makes all economic decisions
The government decides what goods and products to make and how much to produce
The government decides what wages to pay and what prices to charge for goods
The government owns most property

31. Unexpected Results Economic turmoil Shortages High prices
Some factories could not survive without government help and closed leading to high unemployment
Old line Communists criticized the reforms as did Boris Yeltsin who wanted more radical changes
Baltic republics such as Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania regained independence in 1991
Eastern European countries from Poland, East Germany, to Romania and Bulgaria broke out of Soviet orbit
In 1991Gorbachev was able to rebuff a coup from the hardliners communists
1991 Gorbachev resigned and he replaced by Boris Yeltsin
After 74 years the Soviet Union cased to exist

32. Fall of the Berlin Wall 1989

33. Gorbachev and Yeltsin

34. Economic Problems
Yeltsin privatized more state run industries and collective farms
The change over to a market economy was painful
unemployment so ared.Prices skyrocketed, banks closed
To avoid financial collapse Russia defaulted or failed to make payments on much of its foreign debt
In Yeltsin resigns and Vladimir Putin becomes president and then is elected in in the first free presidential election in Russia’s history. He is a veteran of the secret service
Not strongly committed to democracy
Critics worry about his censorship of some journalists and his treatment of minority nationalists

35. Russian President Putin

36. The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Immediate Causes of the Collapse of the Soviet Union
War with Afghanistan
Food and fuel shortages
Demonstrations in the Baltic States
Gorbachev’s rise to power
Long Term Causes of the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Low output of corps and consumer goods
Cold War led to high military spending
Ethnic & nationalist movements
Denial of rights and freedoms

37. The Effects of the Collapse of the USSR
1. Soviet Union breaks into 15 republics
2. Russian republic approves new constitution
3. Change over to market economy in Russia
4. War in Chechnya
Following long resistance during the 1817−1864, Russia defeated the Chechens and annexed their lands in the 1870s. The Chechens' subsequent attempts at gaining independence after the fall of the Russian Empire failed and in 1922 Chechnya was incorporated into the USSR. .
Chechen’s continue want their freedom from Russia

38. The Cold War: Freeze to Thaw
1960’s
1970’s
NATO and Warsaw Pact
Berlin Wall built
Arms buildup
Cuban Missile Crisis
Vietnam War
Détente
Strategic Arms Limitations Talks
United States improves relations with China
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
US withdrawal from Vietnam

39. USSR From Freeze to Thaw
Economic decline of Soviet Union
Gorbachev’s glasnost and perestroika
Berlin Wall town down
Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
Move toward democracy in Eastern Europe
Collapse of Soviet Union
German reunification
China accelerates reform
Vietnam opens itself to the world
Communism declines around the globe

40. Japan Becomes an Economic Superpower
In 1945 Japan lay in ruin suffering the most devastating property damage of any nation in WWII with thousands homeless and hungry
Under Gen, MacArthur, the US military government set 2 main objectives
to destroy militarism, with its military disbanded
ensure a democratic gov’t with the emperor losing all political power and a constitutional government being set up with the people electing a Diet or parliament and with protections of basic rights
Japan will successfully industrialize and build efficient, modern factories that out produce older industries in the West
They adapted the latest technology to create high quality products

41. From Revolution to Reform in China
After WWII civil war resumes in China between Mao Zedong’s communist forces and Jiang Jieshi’s nationalists until Mao’s forces won and set up the People’s Republic of China
China was now united and under communist control
Reasons for victory:
1. Mao won the support of the peasant population with pledges to
redistribute land and to end oppression of landlords
2. Women backed Mao because communists rejected the inequalities of
the old Confucian order
3. Mao’s armies outfought Jiang’s army
4. Many educated Chinese say Jiang’s government was morally and
politically bankrupt
5. Mao collectivized the land to increase agriculture production, set up a
one party gov’t, honored the workers of China and set up schools for
all
6. He launched a Cultural Revolution to purge China of is non-
revolutionary or non-communist tendencies

42. China: Mao Zedong’s

43. Tiananmen Square Massacre
By the late 1980’s some Chinese were demanding greater political freedom as well as economic reforms
In Beijing, and other cities, students, workers, and others supported a democracy movement
In May 1989 tens of thousands of demonstrators occupied Tiananmen Square calling for democracy when they wouldn’t disperse the gov’t sent troops and tanks
Thousands were killed or wounded and many were arrested and tortured and even put to death
The crackdown showed that China’s communist leaders were determined to maintain control, To them order was more important that Political freedom

44. China 1989: Tiananmen Square

45. Tank Man

46. The Asian Tigers
The Asian tigers are known for their aggressive economic growth, they followed similar roads to modernization and were influenced by China and Confucian traditions
The Asian Tigers are
1. Taiwan Singapore
2. Hong Kong 4. S. Korea

47. Taiwan Was ruled by China until 1895 when it fell to Japan
In 1945 Taiwan reverted back to China after WWII
Jian’g set up a nationalist gov’t and the country experienced rapid economic growth and US support
Its economic success has slowly gained it’s people more political freedom
Recently Beijing has reasserted its insistence that Taiwan must be reincorporated into China

48. Hong Kong
Britain gained the island after the Opium Wars and it stayed under British rule1997
Hong Kong became very prosperous because
Trade and light industry such as textiles and electronics
Became a world financial center
Wealth from profitable industries help it to modernize
Location of China’s doorstep
Britain returned Hong Kong to China in 1997 but Beijing had to agree to not change Hong Kong’s social or economic system for 50 years and allow its people self government

49. Korea

50. The Two Koreas In 1910 Japan occupied the Korean peninsula
After WWII the USSE and US agreed to a temporary division of Korea along the 38th parallel of Latitude
North Korea was ruled by Kim Song and he became a communist ally
South Korea was non communists led by Rhee and backed by the US
Both leaders wanted to end the division and North Korea attacking and almost overrunning South Korea
US forces made up mostly of US and South Koreans were led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur He was able to push troops northward to near China
Alarmed by MacArthur’s success, China sent troops to help the North Koreans

51. Korean Peninsula

52. Two Koreas The Korean War turned into a stalemate
Finally in 1953 the two counties signed an armistices to end fighting but no peace treaty has been signed.
The country remains divided along the 38th parallel
North Korea is a communist with it’s state owned industries and collective farms and attempts to develop nuclear power for electricity and weapons. It did agree to end its nuclear weapons program in exchange for oil and other assistance from the US
South Korea has emerged as an economic powerhouse with its workers winning better pay and higher standards of living. While early dictators were backed by the military it did begin holding direct elections and moved toward a democracy
Inside North Korea nat Geo 46 min:

53. Night Sky Over Korean Peninsula

54. Anti American North Korean Propaganda

55. Anti American Propaganda

56. Children’s games in school

57. Kim Jong-un The Supreme Leader of Korea since 2011

58. Vietnam War

59. Vietnam Map

60. War in Vietnam
In 1945 the French set out to regain Indochina, which Japan had seized during WWII but was met with fierce resistance form guerrilla forces led by Ho Chi Minh, a nationalist and communist
He was able to wear the French down and forced them to leave Vietnam
The struggle for Vietnam became part of the Cold War at an international conference I n1954 western and communist powers agreed to a temporary division of Vietnam with Ho’s communists ruling North Vietnam and Ngo King Diem’s noncommunist supported by the US ruling in South Vietnam with elections being held to reunited the country, these never happened because the US feared Diem would lose and communists might win

61. The Domino Theory

62. Vietnam War
American officials believed in the Domino Theory in which a communist victory in S. Vietnam would cause noncommunist gov’ts across Southeast Asia to fall to communism like a row of dominoes
Cambodia and Laos gained independence
Ho Chi Minh wanted a united Vietnam under his rule and aided the National Liberation Front or Vietcong who were communist rebels trying to overthrow Diem in S. Vietnam
As the war continued the US became increasingly involved. At first Eisenhower it only sent military advisers and supplies to Diem, later, Kennedy sending troops, turning a local struggle into a major Cold War conflict
In 1964 the US began bombing targets in N. Vietnam and Eventually more than 500,000 troops were committed
6 min overview:
* Cartoon version 5 min:

63. Vietnam: Tet Offensive
Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolutions authorizing the president to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression
At the same time both the USSR and China sent aid but no troops to help North Vietnam
Despite massive US aid, S. Vietnam could not defeat the communists guerrillas and N. Vietnamese allies
In 1968 the guerrilla forces launched a massive unexpected attack on US/S. V. forces at Tet, the Vietnamese New Year (The Tet Offensive) . While they did not capture cities is showed that the N.V. would fight at any cost and it marked the turning point in public opinion in the US

64. Tunnels of Cu Chi

65. Hawks and Doves
Credibility Gap: while the gov’t kept saying US forces were winning people could see on TV that that was not true plus casualties kept raising, there were Hawks: those who wanted to stay and fight and Doves who wanted to withdraw from Vietnam
With casualties growing and antiwar opinions growing President Nixon finally arranged a cease fire or halt to the fighting and began withdrawing US forces in 1973.
Over 58,000 US soldiers died with more that 300,00 injured and around one million N & S Vietnamese dead and cost our nation over $170 billion

66. Vietnam War

67. Agent Orange

68. Napalm

69. Execution of Viet Gong / Village attacked by napalm

70. My Lai Massacre / Calley

71. My Lai Memorial

72. Kent State (Naitonal Guard killing four students and wounding nine others) / DC Anti War Protest

73. Protesting the Vietnam War

74. The Fall of Saigon
War Powers Act: Congress passed this to reestablish some limits on executive power. It required the pre4sident to inform Congress of any commitment of troops abroad within 48 hours and to withdraw them in days unless Congress explicitly approves the troop commitment
Two years later the North Vietnamese captured Saigon, the capital of the south and the country was reunited.

75. Ho Chi Minh Why the Communist won?
Diem was an unpopular leader with a corrupt gov’t
Ho Chi Minh was an admired hero who had fought the Japanese and the French
Many Vietnamese saw the US as another foreign power seeking to dominate their land
Guerrillas fought well in the jungle terrain
The communist victors imposed harsh rule and thousands of Vietnamese fled in small boats with many drowning but others landed in refugee camps with some accepted into US or other countries

76. Cambodia During the Vietnam War fighting spilled over into Cambodia.
N. Vietnam sent supplies along the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Cambodia to guerrilla forces in S.V.
In 1970 the US bombed that route and then invaded Cambodia
After the US left, Cambodian communist guerrillas called the Khmer Rouge overthrew the gov’t led by Pol Pot
They destroyed all western influence and slaughtered millions
In 1979 Vietnam invaded and occupied Cambodia and Pol Pot and his forces retreated
In the 1990’s UN helped Cambodia hold elections
Crash Course Cold War: DA2E52FB1EF80C9&index=39

77. The Khmer Rouge

78. The Killing Fields under Pol Pot

79. Vietnam Memorial: D.C.

80. Vietnam Memorial

81. Videos Czar Bomba 8 min: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNYe_UaWZ3U
Nuclear detonations time line 10 min:
Cold war crash course 10 min :
Cold War animation 9 min :
Cold War Keith Hughes 12 min: