1. Issues of the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era
US History Unit #10 – Chapters 16 & 17

2. Jim Crow Laws
Legislation enacted in southern states which kept blacks and whites segregated, or apart.
Closure Question #1: In what ways were the rights of African Americans restricted? (At least 2 answers and 2 complete sentences.)

3. Poll Tax
Requires voters to pay a tax in order to vote; The tax cost voters $1 or $2 to vote. Poor African Americans could not afford the fee, therefore this was an effective method used by white southerners to keep blacks out of southern politics.
Closure Question #1: In what ways were the rights of African Americans restricted? (At least 2 answers and 2 complete sentences.)

4. Literacy Tests
Examinations to determine whether or not a person can read and write; in the late 19th century, Southern states passed laws requiring voters to pass literacy tests in order to vote. Many freed slaves, who were forbidden to learn to read prior to the Civil War, were kept from voting as a result.
Closure Question #1: In what ways were the rights of African Americans restricted? (At least 2 answers and 2 complete sentences.)

5. Grandfather Clauses
Voting laws enacted in southern states which allowed a person to vote as long as his ancestors had voted prior to Of course, the ancestors of the black freedmen did not vote prior to 1866.
Closure Question #1: In what ways were the rights of African Americans restricted? (At least 2 answers and 2 complete sentences.)

6. Booker T. Washington
( ) The most famous black leader during the late 19th century; Washington argued that African Americans should not focus their energy on trying to overturn Jim Crow, but instead should build up their economic resources and establish their reputations as hardworking and honest citizens.

7. W. E. B. Dubois
Black leader in the late 19th century who opposed Booker T. Washington; Dubois was the first African American to graduate from Harvard University with a Ph.D. and believed that African Americans should engage in protests for their rights.

8. Ida B. Wells
African American woman who campaigned against the mistreatment of blacks, and especially the lynching of African Americans, in the southern U.S. in the late 1800s.

9. Closure Question #2: How did Chinese Americans and Mexican Americans respond to mistreatment in the Gilded Age? (At least 2 answers and 2 complete sentences.)
Like African Americans, brave Chinese immigrants challenged discrimination. Saum Song Bo questioned why he should support a fund-raising drive to build the Statue of Liberty. “That statue represents Liberty holding a torch which lights the passage of those of all nations who come into this country,” Bo wrote in a letter published in American Missionary in “But are the Chinese allowed to come? As for the Chinese who are here, are they allowed to enjoy liberty as men of all other nationalities enjoy it?”
Chinese immigrants also turned to the federal courts to protect their rights but with mixed results. In 1886, in the case of Yick Wo v. Hopkins, the U.S. Supreme court sided with a Chinese immigrant who challenged a California law that banned him and other Chinese from operating a laundry. In 1898, the Court ruled that individuals of Chinese descent, born in the United States, could not be stripped of their citizenship. Yet the Court upheld the Chinese Exclusion Act and several other discriminatory measures.

10. Las Gorras Blancas
Group of Mexican Americans in the southwest U.S. who, near the turn of the 20th century, protested the loss of their land to large ranch owners, often destroying the property of white farmers. Supported by a national labor organization, the Knights of Labor, the group also had its own newspaper.
Closure Question #2: How did Chinese Americans and Mexican Americans respond to mistreatment in the Gilded Age? (At least 2 answers and 2 complete sentences.)

11. National Woman Suffrage Association
Established in 1869 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton; the NWSA fought for a constitutional amendment that would grant women the right to vote.
Closure Question #3: Do you think women activists during the late 1800s had any effect on the political or social life of the country? (Explain in at least 1 complete sentence.)

12. Women’s Christian Temperance Union
Led by Frances Willard, the WCTU’s primary goal was to ban the sale, production, and consumption of liquor in the United States.
Closure Question #3: Do you think women activists during the late 1800s had any effect on the political or social life of the country? (Explain in at least 1 complete sentence.)

13. Closure Assignment #1
Use your notes from Chapter 16, Section 1 to answer the following questions:
In what ways were the rights of African Americans restricted? (At least 2 answers and 2 complete sentences.)
How did Chinese Americans and Mexican Americans respond to mistreatment in the Gilded Age? (At least 2 answers and 2 complete sentences.)
Do you think women activists during the late 1800s had any effect on the political or social life of the country? (Explain in at least 1 complete sentence.)

14. James Garfield
Republican President elected in 1881; Garfield was the 2nd president to be assassinated. He was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, a man who was upset with Garfield because he would not appoint Guiteau to a government position.
Closure Question #1: Why do you think Congress became the strongest branch of the government in the 1880s? (At least 1 reason and 1 sentence)

15. Grover Cleveland
The first Democrat to be elected President after the Civil War and the only President to be elected to two unconnected terms; Cleveland was President from & and, in an era known for its corruption, maintained a reputation for integrity.
Closure Question #1: Why do you think Congress became the strongest branch of the government in the 1880s? (At least 1 reason and 1 sentence)

16. Spoils System
Political system in which politicians awarded government jobs to loyal party workers, with little regard for their qualifications. During the Gilded Age the U.S. Government was dominated by the spoils system, further breeding corruption in politics.
Closure Question #1: Why do you think Congress became the strongest branch of the government in the 1880s? (At least 1 reason and 1 sentence)

17. Civil Service
A system that includes federal jobs in the executive branch; corruption during the Gilded Age led to a push to reform the Civil Service to base employment on expertise instead of connections.
Closure Question #2: What were the positive and negative effects of the Pendleton Civil Service Act? (At least 1 positive and 1 negative)

18. Pendleton Civil Service Act
Passed in 1883, the act established a Civil Service Commission, which wrote a civil service exam. Individuals who wanted to work for the government had to take the exam, and getting a job depended on doing well on the exam.
Closure Question #2: What were the positive and negative effects of the Pendleton Civil Service Act? (At least 1 positive and 1 negative)

19. Gold Standard
Monetary policy adopted during the Gilded Age which meant that the government would use gold as the basis for national currency.
The Republicans favored a high tariff, arguing that it would allow American Industries to grow and promote jobs in manufacturing. Democrats countered that high tariffs increased the costs of goods to consumers and made it harder for American farmers to sell their goods abroad.
Closure Question #3: President Cleveland called the high tariff “unjust taxation.” Why do you think President Cleveland made this statement? (At least 1 sentence)

20. Closure Assignment #2
Use your notes from Chapter 16, Section 2 to answer the following questions:
Why do you think Congress became the strongest branch of the government in the 1880s? (At least 1 reason and 1 sentence)
What were the positive and negative effects of the Pendleton Civil Service Act? (At least 1 positive and 1 negative)
President Cleveland called the high tariff “unjust taxation.” Why do you think President Cleveland made this statement? Explain his point of view. (At least 2 sentences)

21. Oliver H. Kelley
Minnesota farmer, businessman, journalist, and government clerk who organized the Grange in 1867.
Closure Question #1: How did the deflation, or decrease, in the money supply in the late 1800s affect farmers? (At least 1 sentence)

22. Grange
Farmers organization established in 1867 with the goals of providing education on new farming techniques and calling for the regulation of railroad and grain elevator rates.
Closure Question #2: How did the Farmers’ Alliances begin to crusade against big business? (At least 1 sentence)

23. Populist Party
American Political Party established in 1892 with the support of farmers and farmers’ alliances; Populists aimed to end political corruption, increase the money supply by calling for the coinage of silver, and combat high transportation costs by giving the government ownership of railroads.
Closure Question #2: How did the Farmers’ Alliances begin to crusade against big business? (At least 1 sentence)

24. William Jennings Bryan
Democratic Nominee for President in 1896; Bryan supported Populist ideas and argued passionately for the Coinage of Silver in a speech known as “The Cross of Gold”. His defeat in the election signaled the downfall of Populism in the United States.
Closure Question #3: In what ways did McKinley represent the old way of politics? (At least 1 sentence) In what ways did Bryan represent the new way? (At least 1 sentence)

25. William McKinley
Republican Candidate for President in 1896; McKinley raised $15 million in campaign funds, 30 times the amount of his opponent William Jennings Bryan, and won the Presidency in 1896 and in 1900 by portraying his opponent as a potential dictator, leading to the fall of Populism.
Closure Question #3: In what ways did McKinley represent the old way of politics? (At least 1 sentence) In what ways did Bryan represent the new way? (At least 1 sentence)