1. The Protestant Reformation

2. R. H. Bainton The Reformation of the 16c
Thus, the papacy emerged as something between an Italian city-state and European power, without forgetting at the same time the claim to be the vice-regent of Christ. The Pope often could not make up his mind whether he was the successor of Peter or of Caesar. Such vacillation had much to do with the rise and success of the Protestant Reformation.

3. Outgrowth of Past Ideas
Humanists
RABELAIS -->.
SIR THOMAS MORE -->
ERASMUS -->
Reformers
LUTHER -->
JOHN CALVIN -->

4. Causes of the Reformation
Long-Term Causes
Political
Economic
Intellectual
Church Abuses
Early attempts to reform

5. Immediate Causes Church corruption
Marsilius of Padua  Defensor Pacis [Defender of the Peace]
Attacked papal authority
The Christian community is the sum of ALL its parts!
Development of personal devotions  suspicion of clergy
Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe  church land
Papal need for money  indulgences
Printing Press

6. The Spread of the Printing Press

7. The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

8. The Spread of Lutheranism

9. Theological Principles
Justification by faith
Ultimate authority of the Bible
Priesthood of all believers
Each person must deal with God directly -- each person is his/her own priest.
Consubstantiation
No difference between the laity and the clergy
Kept bishops for administrative purposes.
Refusal to recognize the authority of the Pope.
Married clergy.
Religious services in the vernacular
The Church is subordinate to and the agent of civil authority

10. The Peasant Revolt

11. Calvin’s World in the 16c

12. Theological Principles
.     
Doctrine of Predestination
Task of the "elect" is to carry forward God's will expressed in Bible
Placed church (religion) above the state (political unit)
Strict interpretation of the Bible    
rejected papal authority
Scorned pleasures as the idle activities which allowed the devil to influence one's actions; no smoking, drinking, gambling, blaspheming, dancing, music in religious services.
Only "sacraments" were Baptism and the Eucharist (were only a symbol of God's presence).
Consubstantiation.
Church elders administered to the congregation (presbyters).
Too much leisure time leads to sin.
Set up logical and systematic theology appealing to many
Effort to prove oneself as a member of the "elect" becomes the basis of the “Protestant work ethic” as noted by sociologist Max Weber

13. Protestant Churches in France (Late 16c)

14. The Reformation in England
It was more political than religious
Henry VIII feared leaving England without a Male Heir.
Act of Supremacy
Transubstantiation
A celibate clergy
Oral confession to a the clergy
Key people
Anglican Church
The Tudor Family

15. Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)
The Anabaptists
“Radical”
Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

16. Theological Principles
Belief in adult, not infant, baptism
Believed in the literal interpretation of the Bible as the word of God
Believed in the "second coming" of Christ in the very near future
Consider themselves to be the true heirs to the New Testament church, by allowing only those practices that were expressly sanctioned or ordained by scripture

17. Reformation Europe (Late 16c)

18. Common Features of Protestantism
Rejection of Papal Authority
Priority of the Bible
Rejection of Medieval Sacramental System
Priesthood of Believers
Includes the celebration of communion in ‘both kinds’, the belief in the religious value of secular vacations and active role played by the laity in Church matters
Rejection of Catholic belief in Purgatory
Diminished role of the cult of saints and the adoration/devotion expressed towards Mary

19. The Counter Reformation
New Religious Orders
Society of Jesuits
Oratory of Divine Love
Council of Trent
Church Reforms

20. Short Term Results Decrease in the influence of the Church
Increase in materialism
Increase in the power of monarchs
Nationalism
Individualism
Education
Warfare
Religious Toleration
Architecture

21. Long Term Results Destroyed the religious unity of Europe
Furthered the growth of the modern secular and centralized state.
Indirectly Protestantism contributed to the growth of political liberty
Advanced the idea of equality
Contributed to the creation of an individualistic ethic.
The Reformation’s stress on individual conscience may have contributed to the development of the capitalist spirit