1. Cellular Respiration Critical Question: How does cellular respiration relate to the creation of alcohol in beer and thickness in yogurt?
ATP

2. Photosynthesis occurs in the Chloroplast Cellular Respiration occurs in the Mitochondria

3. All LIVING organisms need energy!
Organisms get energy directly or indirectly from sunlight in photosynthesis
Cellular respiration is the process of using energy

4. Organisms that create their own food from sunlight Autotrophs
Organisms that obtain energy by consuming autotrophs or other consumers are Heterotrophs

5. Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration =
Process done by mitochondria in cells in which they gain energy from glucose (by breaking down food molecules) and release its stored energy
CO2 + H2O + heat
fuel (carbohydrates) O2
You burn fuel in many small steps
Movement of hydrogen atoms from glucose to water
ATP
food (carbohydrates) O2
ATP + CO2 + H2O (+ heat)

6. Energy needs of life Animals are energy consumers
What do we need energy for?
synthesis (building for growth)
reproduction
active transport
movement
temperature control (making heat)
Which is to say… if you don’t eat, you die… because you run out of energy.
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics takes over!

7. Where do we get energy? ATP Energy is stored in food molecules
carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Animals eat these organic molecules  food
digest food to get:
fuel for energy (ATP)
raw materials for building more molecules
ATP
We eat to take in the fuels to make ATP which will then be used to help us build biomolecules and grow and move and… live!
heterotrophs = “fed by others”
vs.
autotrophs = “self-feeders”

8. Adenosine TriPhosphate
Get out your spiral
What is energy in biology?
ATP
Adenosine TriPhosphate
Whoa! HOT stuff!

9. Harvesting energy stored in food
ATP
Aerobic (with oxygen) Cellular respiration =
food O2
glucose + oxygen  energy + carbon + water
dioxide
Movement of hydrogen atoms from glucose to water
C6H12O6
6O2
ATP
6CO2
6H2O  +

10. Using ATP to do work? Cells Can’t store ATP ATP It’s too unstable
ATP is short term energy
carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage
Adenosine TriPhosphate
work
Adenosine DiPhosphate
ADP
energy
energy
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second
Whoa! Pass me the glucose & oxygen!

11. What if oxygen is missing?
No oxygen available = can’t complete aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Known as fermentation
alcohol fermentation (yeast)
lactic acid fermentation (animals)
Bacteria use anaerobic
No mitochondria (prokaryotic)
yeast
bacteria

12. Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation
yeast
alcohol fermentation
glucose  ATP + CO2+ alcohol
make beer, wine, bread
bacteria, animals
lactic acid fermentation
glucose  ATP + lactic acid
Bacteria (eat milk) make yogurt
animals feel muscle fatigue
How it’s made: Beer
After heating the milk, they quickly reduce the temperature to about 112 degrees (44 degrees Celsius).
Next comes the bacteria! This might sound gross, but these kinds of bacteria are not the kinds that make you sick. The bacteria used in yogurt actually give it a tangy flavor.
The species of bacteria used in yogurt are Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. These species eat the sugars in milk. As the bacteria eat milk sugars, the bacteria produce something called lactic acid. Lactic acid makes milk proteins curdle. Thanks to the bacteria, the milk becomes thick yogurt. The lactic acid also gives yogurt a tart, tangy flavor.
As an added bonus, most harmful bacteria can’t survive around high levels of lactic acid. That means the bacteria that give yogurt its tangy flavor can also keep yogurt safe to eat.
Tastes good… but not enough energy for me!

13. The equation for the overall process is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.

14. Overall Process’ Goal is to make ATP
Digestion! (biomolecules transported into blood stream and into surrounded tissue cells)
Cellular Respiration Steps: 3 stages
Glycolysis (2 phases) in cytoplasm
Energy investment phase – 2 ATP
Splits 6 carbon molecules into two 3 carbon molecules
Energy harvesting phase
Glycolysis creates – 2 ATP Molecules
2 Pyruvate & 2 NADH
pyruvate
NADH

15. Depending on your efficiency
When Oxygen is Present
The molecules enter the mitochondria Cellular Respiration Begins (Aerobic) 2. Kreb Cycle (inner mitochondria membrane) 3. Electron Transport Chain In/out of inner folds of the mitochondria
NADH
ATP
NADH
ATP
NADH
NADH
FADH2
FADH2
ATP
NADH
ATP
NADH
NADH
NADH
32-36 ATP
Depending on your efficiency
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP

16. energy from glycolysis
3 Stages:
Glycolysis
Kreb Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
Electron Transport

17. Different energy outputs for different Biomolecules
Fat produces 80 percent of the energy in your body
about 146 ATP (energy molecules) from a triglyceride
Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.
amino acids not usually needed for energy
about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

18. Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight.
A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy.
Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight.
In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules.
similar to photosynthesis
uses chemical energy instead of light energy