1. Conflict in the Georgians

2. Overview mid-18th c. renewal of European warfare:
Austria vs. Prussia over dominance of central Europe
Great Britain vs. France for commercial & colonial supremacy
outcomes: Prussia emerges as great power, Great Britain gains world empire
peace results in restructuring of taxation & finance, leading in turn to:
American Revolution
Continental enlightened absolutism
continuing French financial crisis
reform of Spanish South American empire

3. European Overseas Empires
Four phases of European contact with the New World:
discovery, exploration, conquest, settlement—to end of 17th c.
mercantile empires & great power trade rivalries; slavery; colonial independence—to 1820s
19th-c. empires in Africa & Asia
decolonization, mid- to late 20th c.
source of European world domination: technology (ships & guns)

4. Mercantile Empires, early 18th c
Mercantile Empires, early 18th c.—boundaries set by 1713 Treaty of Utrecht
Spain: South America except for Brazil; Florida, Mexico, California & N. American Southwest; Central America; Caribbean possessions
Britain: N. Atlantic seaboard, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland; Caribbean possessions; trading posts on Indian subcontinent
France: St. Lawrence, Ohio, & Mississippi river valleys; Caribbean possessions; trading posts in India & West Africa
Netherlands: Surinam (S. America); Cape Colony (S. Africa); trading posts in West Africa, Sri Lanka, & India; also controlled trade with Java in SE Pacific

5. Mercantilist Goals underlying economic theory of 18th-c. empires
international trade as zero-sum game; whoever gets the most gold wins
colonies meant to trade exclusively with home country; hard to enforce because it was more profitable to trade with other colonies

6. African Presence in Americas
had always existed in some form in parts of Europe, but from 16th c., became fundamental to the British & Spanish imperial economies (plantation economy)
driven by labor shortage
supplied by internal African warfare: slave markets on West African coast—not imposed by Europeans, but preexisting
began in 16th c. in Spanish America, 17th c. in British America
slave trade grew in 18th c. because of low fertility rate and high mortality rate of established slaves—difficult to create stable self-reproducing population

7. The Experience of Slavery
estimated 9 million Africans or more brought to Americas over 4 centuries
“seasoned” slaves worth more than those newly arrived
maintenance of ethnic bonds in the New World—African language, religion
Generally accepted that all the slaves in plantation societies led difficult lives with little variation
Some slaves mixed Christianity with African religions
One of factors that continued slavery was racist ideology

8. Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy
slave trade: dominated by Portuguese & Spanish in 16th c., Dutch in 17th c., and English in 18th c.
“triangular trade”

9. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

10. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

11. Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”

12. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

13. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

14. King George I Comes to power after the death of Queen Anne 1714
Hanoverian
Extremely unpopular
1715 an attempt is made to restore the Stuarts under James the III (The Old Pretender). Rebellion lasted 6 weeks. He is forced out of Scotland and back to France.
Concerns more centered on trade than king.

15. French-British Rivalry
N. American colonial quarrels over St. Lawrence River valley, upper New England, Ohio River valley; fishing rights, fur trade, Native American alliances
Biggest area of rivalry: West Indies—tobacco, cotton, indigo, coffee, sugar
India

16. Conflict flash point 1675-1676 King Philip’s War
1689 William and Mary come to power in England. Dutch holdings tied to English crown- conflict with Scotland and Ireland (defeated the French).
King Williams war
Queen Anne’s War-War of Spanish Succession-Weakens the Dutch
Treaty of Utrecht

17. A New George King George II 1727-1760
Great Pretender conflict Last attempt to place the Stuarts back in power
War of Austrian Succession
Maria Theresa fights to maintain Hapsburg control over the Crown after the Failure of the pragmatic Sanction.
Prussia gains Silesia
Hungary and its Magyar nobility become an issue to the Hapsburg crown.
Spain and England are pulled into a commercial conflict that results in France and England going to war.
Walpole PM replaced by Pelham
Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle ends war in a stalemate
France and Austria join forces
A New George

18. Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars
War of Jenkins’ Ear (1739)
English-Spanish competition in West Indies
British declared war on Spain in 1839
Minor war was opening encounter to European warfare up to 1815

19. The “Diplomatic Revolution” of 1756
France and Britain clash in New England
Great Britain joined forces with Germany, Convention of Westminster
France and Austria agreed to defensive alliance

20. Seven Years War
Fredrick the Great invades Saxony triggering an Attack by the Austrians and France.
Russia Stays out of the conflict due to Peter III
Prussia supported by England (Pitt’s Funding)
PM William Pitt the Elder Funds and pushes a global conflict
1756 “Black hole of Calcutta”
1757 Clive defeated the Indians at Plassey open Bengal
1759 Wolfe defeats the French on the Plains of Abraham
1763 Treaty of Paris

22. After the Treaty George III (1760-1820)
Tries to return royal control over the cabinet and Parliament
Pitt is replaced by Lord Bute (hated by London mobs). Government lacks leadership causing failures
Pressure placed on colonies grows

23. Europe and the American Revolution
Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue
caused by problems of revenue collection common to all powers after Seven Years’ War
British tried to tax colonies to pay for war
Colonies responded that they wouldn’t be taxed without representation

24. American Political Ideas
Influence of English ideas & events in America
Revolution of 1688
Writings of John Locke

25. The Crisis and Independence
Colonies resisted several measures designed to raise money, including Intolerable Acts
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense aroused revolutionary sentiments
Continental Congress declared Declaration of Independence

26. Points of American conflict
Navigation Acts
Sugar Act 1764
Stamp Act 1765
Townshend Duties 1767
Boston Massacre 1770
Boston Tea Party 1773
Intolerable Acts 1774
Quebec Act 1774
1774 first Continental Congress
1775 Lexington and Concord
1775 2nd Congress
1776 Declaration of independence
1777 French, Spanish, Dutch and Irish join the fight riots break out in England
1781 Cornwallis defeated at Yorktown
1789 US Constitution Signed

27. British Issues
George III and whig allies seen as bullies and forcing the kings will over Parliament
Whig Families see Lord North First Minister as a tool of Tyranny
1763 Wilkes Affair
1778-Yorkshire Association founded by Christopher Wyvil -Seek governmental reform and a reduce royal influence. Reduced patronage given by the King
1783 William Pitt the Younger a Torie forms a new Ministry with reform in mind but does little

28. Events in Great Britain
John Wilkes affair
Arrested after criticizing treaty with France in print
Elected several times to Parliament but king would not sit him
influence of American ideas & events in Britain
Appeal to popular opinion
Broadly rejected monarchy, social hierarchies
Yorkshire movement demanded changes in parliamentary elections

29. Broader Impact of American Revolution
Demonstrated to Europe possibility of government without kings
Idea of preserving traditional liberties
Reject social status

30. Effects
Economic effect on the lose of American colonies little. Pushes England to other areas
Political Reform started in Parliament
Growth of the Prime ministers power
Spread of Revolutionary ideas
Decline of Old powers

31. The Spanish Colonial System
Colonial Government
The technical link between New World and Spain was crown of Castile
top-down administration, almost no self-government
Little social or political control by those born in the new world

32. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

33. Trade Regulation Only one port authorized for use in American trade
Casa de Contración regulated all trade with New World
functioned to serve Spanish commercial interests (precious-metal mines)
Flota system tried to ensure Spanish economic hegemony

34. Colonial Reform under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs
crucial early 18th-c. change: War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) and Treaty of Utrecht replaced Spanish Habsburgs with Bourbons of France
Philip V (r. 1700–1714) and successors tried to revive decaying trade monopoly, suppress smuggling
Charles III (r. 1759–1788): most important imperial reformer—royal representatives favored over local councils; improved imperial economy, but introduced tensions between Spanish from Spain and creoles (Spanish born in America)