1. NAMING Organic Chemistry
IUPAC

2. L.O
recognise and understand the use of a variety of formula types
understand that an organic compound generally consists of a hydrocarbon component plus a functional group
recognise the common functional groups
understand and be able to use the IUPAC nomenclature
understand the formation of homologous series and the similarity of properties
understand why isomerism occurs and be able to draw isomers for given molecular formulas
understand the formation of sigma and pi bonds and know their occurrence and the implication for molecular shapes
understand the concept of saturation and apply it to the alkanes as a ‘base’ homologous series
recognise the importance of alkanes as fuels, their combustion products and the environmental effects of burning hydrocarbon fuels
recall details of the fractionation of oil and the uses of the fractions
understand homolytic bond fission and the formation of free radicals
understand catalytic cracking and thermal cracking in terms of a free radical process
know and understand the mechanism of photochemical chlorination

3. TYPES OF FORMULAE - 1 Fuse School 5 min. MF, EF, Displayed Formula
MOLECULAR FORMULA C4H10
The exact number of atoms of each
element present in the molecule
EMPIRICAL FORMULA C2H5
The simplest whole number ratio
of atoms in the molecule
STRUCTURAL FORMULA CH3CH2CH2CH CH3CH(CH3)CH3
The minimal detail using conventional
groups, for an unambiguous structure there are two possible structures
DISPLAYED FORMULA
Shows both the relative placing of atoms
and the number of bonds between them

4. A systematic name has two main parts.
I.U.P.A.C. NOMENCLATURE
L.O. Understand and be able to use the IUPAC nomenclature
A systematic name has two main parts.
Number of carbon atoms in longest chain and identity of any side-chain substituents.
Apart from the first four, which have trivial names, the number of carbons atoms is indicated by a prefix derived from the Greek numbering system.
The ending -ane is the same as they are all alkanes.
Prefix C atoms Alkane
meth- 1 methane
eth- 2 ethane
prop- 3 propane
but- 4 butane
pent- 5 pentane
hex- 6 hexane
hept- 7 heptane
oct- 8 octane
non- 9 nonane
dec decane

5. Alkanes - Nomenclature
The name of every organic molecule has 3 parts:
The parent name indicates the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain.
The suffix indicates what functional group is present.
The prefix tells us the identity, location, and number of substituents attached to the carbon chain.

6. Alkanes - Nomenclature
1. Find the parent carbon chain and add the suffix.
Note that it does not matter if the chain is straight or it bends.

7. Alkanes - Nomenclature
Also note that if there are two chains of equal length, pick the chain with more substituents. In the following example, two different chains in the same alkane have seven C atoms. We circle the longest continuous chain as shown in the diagram on the left, since this results in the greater number of substituents.

8. Alkanes - Nomenclature
2. Number the atoms in the carbon chain to give the first substituent the lowest number.

9. Alkanes - Nomenclature
When numbering a carbon chain results in the same numbers from either end of the chain, assign the lower number alphabetically to the first substituent.

10. Alkanes - Nomenclature
Cycloalkanes are named by using similar rules, but the prefix cyclo- immediately precedes the name of the parent.
1. Find the parent cycloalkane.

11. Alkanes - Nomenclature
2. Name and number the substituents. No number is needed to indicate the location of a single substituent.
For rings with more than one substituent, begin numbering at one substituent and proceed around the ring to give the second substituent the lowest number.

12. Alkanes - Nomenclature
With two different substituents, number the ring to assign the lower number to the substituents alphabetically.
Note the special case of an alkane composed of both a ring and a long chain. If the number of carbons in the ring is greater than or equal to the number of carbons in the longest chain, the compound is named as a cycloalkane.

13. I.U.P.A.C. NOMENCLATURE CH3 CH2 CH Now this
If identical side-chains appear more than once, prefix with di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa
Numbers are separated from names by a HYPHEN e.g methylheptane
Numbers are separated from numbers by a COMMA e.g. 2,3-dimethylbutane
Try this compound
Example longest chain 8 (it is an octane)
3,4,6 are the numbers NOT 3,5,6
order is ethyl, methyl, propyl
3-ethyl-5-methyl-4-propyloctane
CH3
CH2 CH
Now this
2-chloro-3,6-dimethylnonane

14. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
The numbering starts at the end closest to the
branching. The side chains end in yl.
—CH3 Methyl 1
—CH2CH3 Ethyl 2 3 4
—CH2CH2CH3 Propyl
Methyl

15. NAMING ALKENES
Length In alkenes the principal chain is not always the longest chain
It must contain the double bond
the name ends in -ENE
Position Count from one end as with alkanes.
Indicated by the lower numbered carbon atom on one end of the C=C bond
CH3CH2CH=CHCH3 is pent-2-ene (NOT pent-3-ene)
Side-chain Similar to alkanes
position is based on the number allocated to the double bond
CH2 = CH(CH3)CH2CH CH2 = CHCH(CH3)CH3
2-methylbut-1-ene 3-methylbut-1-ene

16. How long is the longest chain?
I.U.P.A.C. NOMENCLATURE
How long is the longest chain?
Look at the structures and work out how many carbon atoms are in the longest chain.
CH2
CH3 CH
THE ANSWERS ARE
ON THE NEXT SLIDE
CH2
CH3 CH
CH3 CH
CH2

17. Apply the rules and name these alkanes
I.U.P.A.C. NOMENCLATURE
I.U.P.A.C. NOMENCLATURE
Apply the rules and name these alkanes
Longest chain = 5 so it is a pentane
A CH3, methyl, group is attached to the third carbon from one end...
3-methylpentane
CH2
CH3 CH
Longest chain = 6 so it is a hexane
A CH3, methyl, group is attached to the second carbon from one end...
2-methylhexane
CH2
CH3 CH
Longest chain = 6 so it is a hexane
CH3, methyl, groups are attached to the third and fourth carbon atoms (whichever end you count from).
3,4-dimethylhexane
CH3 CH
CH2

18. Alkynes - Nomenclature
Alkynes are named in the same general way that alkenes are named; just change the suffix to –yne.
Choose the longest continuous chain that contains both atoms of the triple bond and number the chain to give the triple bond the lower number.

19. Cyclic Alkanes Cyclopropane, C3H6 Cyclobutane, C4H8
Cyclopentane, C5H10
Cyclohexane, C6H12
Cycloheptane, C7H14
Remember, explicit hydrogens are left out

20. -OH -COOH -CHO -C- -O- -C-O -N- -C-NH Alcohols Organic acids Aldehydes
Ketones
Ethers
Esters
Amines
Amides
-OH
hydroxyl
-COOH
carboxyl
-CHO
carbonyl O
-C-
-O- O
-C-O
-N- O
-C-NH

21. Alkyl Halides - Nomenclature

22. Alcohols - Nomenclature