1. Types of information systems
CLT and physics 1.1 By
Aaron atuhe

2. What is an Information System
Organized combination of
Hardware
Software
Communications Networks
Data
People

3. Information System from business perspective
Types of system Groups Served
STRATEGIC LEVEL SENIOR MANAGERS
MANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLE MANAGERS
Vertical information flows
KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE &
DATA WORKERS
OPERATIONAL
OPERATIONAL
Horizontal information flows
LEVEL
MANAGERS
SALES & MANUFACTURING FINANCE ACCOUNTING HUMAN
MARKETING
& ENGINEERING
RESOURCES

4. Expanding Role of IS
Information Systems are being used in more areas, especial at the strategic level.
At the same time, Information Systems are expanding participation of End Users (The Grunts)
Biggest advantages of IS: Information can flow up the pyramid faster and more effectively.

5. Management Structures and Information Requirements
Higher up the pyramid, the less structured the decision
Less defined (structured)
internal/External orientation
More summarized information
Lower down the pyramid, the more structured the decision
More defined (structured)
Internal orientation
More detailed information

6. Classification (types) of for IS
Executive Support Systems (ESS)
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
KWs
OAS

7. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Computerized system that performs and records the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct the business; these systems serve the operational level of the organization
TYPE: Operational-level
INPUTS: transactions, events
PROCESSING: updating; e.g. stock levels)
OUTPUTS: detailed reports
USERS: operations personnel, supervisors
DECISION-MAKING: highly structured. (sale of products)
EXAMPLE: payroll, accounts payable, point of sale (P.O.S.), ATM machine software

8. TPS payroll system

9. Management information systems(MIS)
Information system at the management level of an organization that serves the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making by providing routine summary and exception reports.

10. Differences between the TPS and the MIS
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Support operation
Management and control
Routine, normal operations
structured
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Provide decision-making support for routine, structured decisions
Closely linked to and fed by TPS
Structure and sem-structure

11. Characteristics of Management information Systems
1. MIS support structured decisions at the operational and management control levels. 2. MIS are generally reporting and control oriented. They are designed to report on existing operations, sales , production costs…, and therefore to help provide day-to-day control of operations. 3. MIS generally aid in decision making using past and present data.

12. Structured Decision
Structured decisions are those which are made according to specified procedures of rules or structured decisions are those that are easily made from a given set of inputs.
Deciding to send a reminder notice to a customer for an overdue balance is considered to be structured decision

13. Semi-structured Decision
Semi-structured decisions are those for which information obtained from a computer system or information system is only a portion of the total knowledge needed to make decision.
Advertise a new product or how much to spend on MIS.

14. Unstructured Decision
There is no cut and dried  method for handling the problem because it hasn't arisen before or because it's precise nature and structure are mysterious or complex, or because it so important' that it deserves a custom tailored treatment.
They may require a lot of creativity and intuitions from the decision maker to tell what factors will come into play in an unstructured play.
How successful to improving market size was the recent marketing campaign

15. Information Systems to support decisions
Management Information Systems
Decision Support Systems
Decision support provided
Provide information about the performance of the organization
Provide information and techniques to analyze specific problems
Information form and frequency
Periodic, exception, demand, and push reports and responses
Interactive inquiries and responses
Information format
Prespecified, fixed format
Ad hoc, flexible, and adaptable format
Information processing methodology
Information produced by extraction and manipulation of business data
Information produced by analytical modeling of business data

16. Decision support system
Information system at the management level of an organization that combines data and sophisticated analytical models or data analysis tools to support semi-structured and unstructured decision making.
E.g.:sales region analysis

17. Characteristics of Decision-Support Systems
DSS offer users flexibility, adaptability, and a quick response.
DSS provide support for decisions and problems whose solutions cannot be specified in advance.
DSS use sophisticated data analysis and modelling tools.
Decision support system (DSS) can be used in planning, modelling, analysing alternatives, and decision making by using  small, simple models which can easily be understood and used by the manager

18. Examples
Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present would be:
Accessing all of your current information assets, including legacy and relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts
Comparative sales figures between one week and the next
Projected revenue figures based on new product sales assumptions

19. Tools used in aiding the DSS
Functions
Functions: pre-stored formulas that enable a user to perform a calculator type task as soon as the function is invoked
Analysis
Analysis: review a set of facts and to assist in drawing conclusions based on there facts.
Statistical Tools: regression/correlation
Optimizing tools: best decision for “structured”: maximise production capacity (labour, capacity)
What if analysis: if increase cost what is the effect on sales; check for various increases (€1, €2….)

20. Executive Support Systems (ESS)
Information system at the strategic level of an organization that address unstructured decision making through advanced graphics and communications.
TYPE: Strategic level
INPUTS: aggregate data; internal and external
PROCESSING: interactive
OUTPUTS: projections
USERS: senior managers
DECISION-MAKING: highly unstructured
EXAMPLE: 5 year operating plan

21. Executive Support Systems: other properties
Tailored to individual executives
Not to managers in other levels
Easy to use
Drill down capabilities (more specific details)
Support need for external data: demographics, competitors…
Can help when uncertainty is high
Future-oriented
Linked to value-added processes: competitive advantage…
Although executive support systems have much in common with decision support systems, they have important differences. Generally, a DSS provides a number of modeling tools and is designed to help a user answer a question. Executive support systems allow executives to ask the right questions. An ESS is interactive and helps an executive focus, filter and organize data and information.
Unlike a DSS, an ESS is usually customized for a specific individual. Content and format can both be customized.
Since executives are typically busy, an ESS must be easy to learn and to use – or it won’t be used.

22. Sample questions answered by ESS
What business should we be in?
What are the competitors doing?
What new acquisitions' would protect us from cyclical business swings?
Which units should we sell to raise cash for acquisitions?

23. Knowledge Work Systems
Systems that aid the creation and integration of new knowledge into an organisation
Knowledge-level Systems
Engineering workstations
Graphics workstations
Managerial workstations
Examples:
Modelling and design with Computer-aided design (CAD) systems.
Financial trend analysis.

24. Office Automation Systems
Systems that are designed to increase the productivity of data workers
Knowledge-level Systems
Word processing
Document imaging
/ electronic calendars
The move towards the ‘paperless office’. OAS try to improve workflow, using integrated office systems, such as , word processing and presentation graphics.

25. Enterprise Collaboration Systems (ECS)
Enterprise Collaboration Systems (ECS)
Supports Operations (Surprised?)
Teamwork, communication, and collaboration
Examples:
Chat
Video Conferencing
Calendaring
Journaling
Workflow