1. Southern Empires, Southern Seas, 1200-1500
AP World History
Chapter 14
Lecture Notes

2. I. Tropical Lands and Peoples
The Tropical Environment
The center of the tropical zone is marked by the equator
The rainy and dry seasons in the Indian Ocean reflect the influence of the monsoons

3. I. Tropical Lands and Peoples
B. Human Ecosystems
The Tuareg – western Saharan pastoralists and caravan guides
Largest concentration of pastoralists – NE Africa and Arabia
Human migrations spread many useful plants and animals around tropics
Sub-Saharan Africa’s form of extensive agriculture called shifting cultivation

4. I. Tropical Lands and Peoples
C. Water Systems and Irrigation
Extensive irrigation canals most significant factor to agriculture in the Delhi Sultanate
Greatest network of irrigation canals between 14-19th century
Large canals were vulnerable to natural disasters and political disruptions
Smaller village level canals easier to construct

5. I. Tropical Lands and Peoples
D. Mineral Resources
Most abundant metal in the tropics was iron
Africa also had copper and gold

6. II. New Islamic Empires Mali in the Western Sudan
Empires of Mali – WA and Delhi in SA both utilized Islamidic administration
The spread of Islam – a gradual and peaceful process of conversion – 1 exception was India
Malinke legends – founder of Mali was Sundiata
Derived significant income from gold and copper trade with N. African Muslim traders

7. II. New Islamic Empires Mali in the Western Sudan
Mansa Kankan Musa famous pilgrimage to Mecca
Demonstrated the enormous wealth of his country
Pilgrimage resulted in construction of new mosques and Quranic schools in Mali

8. II. New Islamic Empires B. The Delhi Sultanate in India
Turkish invaders able to invade India because of the division of India into small states
Turkish conquest of northern India was aided by crossbows
Delhi Sultanate had problems but it did centralize political authority to India.

9. II. New Islamic Empires B. The Delhi Sultanate in India
Sultan Iltutmish passed his empire to his daughter – Raziya
Sultan M ibn Tughlug aggressive territorial expansion but remarkable for religious toleration
New kingdoms – Bahmani and Vijayanager emerged when D. Sultanate lost control

10. III. Indian Ocean Trade Monsoon Mariners
Indian Ocean trade increase helped by:
Collapse of the Mongol Empire = disruption of the overland trade routes
Increased demand of luxury goods such as jewels, fine textiles and precious metals
Construction of larger ships, making shipping cargo more profitable
Rising prosperity of Asian, European, and African states, which stimulated expansion

11. III. Indian Ocean Trade Monsoon Mariners
The characteristic ship of the Arabian Sean was the dhow
The largest, most technologically advanced ship in the Indian Ocean was the Chinese was the junk
The different regional networks of trade tied together by commercial interests.

12. III. Indian Ocean Trade B. Africa: The Swahili Coast and Zimbabwe
City-states along the E African coast
Most important Swahili trading city – Kilwa
Economic and political power of Great Zimbabwe was based on long-distance trade of gold, copper, and salt.
Deforestation and cattle overgrazing caused the collapse of Great Zimbabwe

13. III. Indian Ocean Trade C. Arabia: Aden and the Red Sea
A common interest in trade allowed the various peoples and religions of the Indian Ocean Basin to live in peace
For the regions of Aden and Ethiopia to thrive commercially they must have mutual tolerance of diverse religions

14. III. Indian Ocean Trade D. India: Gujarat and the Malabar Coast
Unique about Gujarat – manufacturing center as well as a commercial / trade center
Cities of the Malabar Coast were unified in a loose confederation

15. III. Indian Ocean Trade E. Southeast Asia: The Rise of Malacca
As trade increased in the 14th and 15th C, the Strait of Malacca become the center of a political rivalry between Majapahit and Chinese pirates
Malacca important port and meeting place for traders around the Eurasian world

16. IV. Social and Cultural Change
Architecture, Learning and Religion
The design of mosques that combined older traditions and new influences illustrated the blending of cultures
Mosques were centers of learning and promoted literacy
Before Islam spread literacy, Ethiopia was the only literate society

17. IV. Social and Cultural Change
Architecture, Learning and Religion
The spread of Islam to India promoted a new language that combined Persian and Hindi influence called Urdu
Books were the most profitable item traded from N. Africa to Timbuktu – a center for learning
Spread of Islam into India was done by force and removed many Hindu and Buddhist temples

18. IV. Social and Cultural Change
B. Social and Gender Distinctions
Growth of slavery accompanied the prosperity of the Asian and African kingdoms
Status of women in tropical India improved, sati or widow burning became optional
In India, a woman’s status was determined by her male master

19. IV. Social and Cultural Change
B. Social and Gender Distinctions
Women active roles / special skills
Important culinary skills
Child rearing and heavy farm work
Spinning and weaving
Making clothing and clay pots

20. V. The Western Hemisphere
Mexica were organized in altepetl
Toltecs and Aztecs – major states in the post classic periods
The Aztec monarch was determined by a council of aristocrats
Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Aztec Empire
The calpolli was the base of the altepetl
The Aztecs formed their empire by ruthlessly conquering other peoples
Long distance trade among the Aztecs was confined to lightweight goods like gold and animal skins
Gender complementarity – was the differences between the positions held by men and women in Aztec society

21. V. The Western Hemisphere
Andean civilization was isolated and mountainous
The Andean mountain agriculture supported meat, grains and potatoes
Llamas and alpacas were valued for wool, food and transportation
The mit’a was a system of work organization by ayllu
The important family structure in Andean civilization was the ayllu
Labor in Andean civilization was divided according to gender

22. V. The Western Hemisphere
The Aztec god that was the focus of the cult of the hummingbird was called Huitzilopochtli
Wari and Tiwanaku were two Andean cities that precede the Inkan civilization
By forcing the heirs of defeated rulers to live in the royal court, the Inka ensured the loyalty of defeated regions.
The city of Cuzco was not as large as Tenochtitlan but it was laid out in the shape of a puma.