1. Bahasa inggris 2 toefl preparation (structure session)
Meeting 2
Prepared by
Brahma putra pratama

2. The verb phrase Tenses Present Simple He walks to school every day
Continuous
He is walking to school now
Perfect
He has walked to school several times
Past
He walked to school yesterday
He was walking to school when he saw Jane
He had walked to school before he hurt his foot

3. Simple present tense
To indicate a regular or habitual action and condition.
Structure:
(+) John walks to school every day.
(-) John does not walk to school every day.
(?) Does John walk to school every day?
Examples:
They understand the problem now. (condition)
Henry always swims in the evening. (habitual action)
Your cough sounds bad. (condition)

4. present continuous tense
To indicate ongoing action and future time.
Structure:
(+) John is eating fried chicken now.
(-) John is not eating fried chicken now.
(?) Is John eating fried chicken now?
Examples:
The committee members are examining the material now. (ongoing action)
George is leaving for France tomorrow. (future time)
The secretary is typing the letter now. (ongoing action)

5. present Perfect tense
To indicate action happening at an indefinite time in the past, happening more than once in the past, and beginning in the past and is still occurring in the present
Structure:
(+) John has walked to school several times .
(-) John has not walked to school several times.
(?) Has John walked to school several times?
Examples:
John has traveled around the world. (indefinite time in the past, we don’t know when)
George has seen this movie three times. (happening more than once in the past)
John has lived in the house for 20 years. (beginning in the past and is still occurring in the present)
For/Since: for + duration of time since + beginning time

6. present Perfect tense Yet/Already
To indicate something has happened or hasn’t happened. Often used with present perfect.
already  affirmative sentences
We have already written our reports.
Gabriel has already read the book.
Sam has already recorded the conversation.
yet  negative sentences and questions
We haven’t written our reports yet.
The president hasn’t decided what to do yet.
John has yet to learn the material.
We have yet to decide what to with the money.

7. Simple past tense
To indicate a completed action happening at one specific time in the past.
Structure:
(+) John went to Spain last year.
(-) John did not go to Spain last year.
(?) Did John go to Spain last year?
Examples:
Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.
Maria did her homework last night.
Mark washed the dishes after dinner.

8. past continuous tense
To indicate an action which was occurring in the past and was interrupted by another action.
Examples:
When Mark came home, Martha was watching TV.
Martha was watching TV when Mark came home.
To indicate two actions occurring at the same time in the past.
Martha was watching TV while John was reading a book.
While John was reading a book, Martha was watching TV.
To indicate an action which was occurring at some specific time in the past.
Martha was watching TV at seven o’clock last night.
What were you doing at one o’clock this afternoon?
While Martha was watching TV, John read a book.  possible but not common.

9. past perfect tense
To indicate an action that happened before/after another action in the past.
Examples:
John had gone to the store before he went home.
John went home after he had gone to the store.
Before John went home, he had gone to the store.
After John had gone to the store, he went home.
To indicate a state which continued for a time in the past, but stopped before now.
Abdu had lived in New York for ten years before he moved to California.