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Minoans and Early Greeks
World Civilizations Minoans and Early Greeks © John Stevenson, 2017 Maps by David P. Barrett used by permission
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What comes to mind when you think of Greece?
Architecture Language Philosophy History
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Greece Irregular Coastline Mountainous Cyclades
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Hellas Crete
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Crete
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Minoans
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Arthur Evans Began excavations in Crete in 1900
Excavated ruins at Knossos Labeled the culture Minoan after the legendary King Minos
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Arthur Evans Began excavations in Crete in 1900
Excavated ruins at Knossos Labeled the culture Minoan after the legendary King Minos Minotaur Theseus
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Periods of Minoan History
Early Period 3600 – 2000 B.C. Prepalatial Small settlements Rising Period 2000 – 1700 B.C. Old Palace Period Legend of Theseus High Period 1700 – 1450 B.C. Thalassocracy Palatial Period Late Period 1450 – 1200 B.C. Mycenaean dominance Destruction
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Early Writing Linear A Linear B Not translated Mycenae
Similar alphabet to Linear A Deciphered in 1950’s
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Thera
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Santorini
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“But afterwards there occurred violent earthquakes and floods; and in a single day and night of misfortune all your warlike men in a body sank into the earth, and the island of Atlantis in like manner disappeared in the depths of the sea” B Plato
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Mercantile Culture Heroic Culture Values peace Values war
Gains profit through commerce Gains loot through raiding
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The Iliad Paris & the gods Hellen of Mycenae War of honor
Troy ! Mycenae The Iliad Paris & the gods Hellen of Mycenae War of honor Achilles vs Hector !
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Troy ! Mycenae The Odyssey Trojan Horse !
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The Odyssey Trojan Horse Poseidon Offended
Troy ! Ithaca ! Mycenae The Odyssey Trojan Horse Poseidon Offended Odysseus: Journey & Homecoming !
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Troy ! Mycenae ! Schliemann
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Mycenae
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Mycenae
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Mycenae
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“Mask of Agamemnon”
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Cyclopean Architecture
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Minoans Mycenaeans Lived in unwalled cities Walled fortress cities
Houses have a collection of rooms with central courtyard Houses have central meeting hall with fireplace along wall Smooth shaven Bearded men Painting of social gatherings, plants, animals, trees, religious scenes Paintings military in nature with some hunting scenes
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Troy
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Migrations of 1200 B.C.
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Migrations of 1200 B.C.
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Greek Dark Age 1200 – 800 B.C.
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Thrace Macedonia Ionia Rise of the City-States Thebes Athens Sparta !
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Athens
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Freedom as a National Value
National Freedom Political Freedom Personal Freedom
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Is Freedom a Universal Value?
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“The American view of freedom has been shaped by five currents” - Rufus Fears
The Old Testament Athenian Democracy The Roman Republic Christianity Great Britain
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The Law Giver Solon Laws of Draco Athenian merchant traveler
Wrote laws for Athens No one could change the law for ten years Traveled for ten years
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Who is the most happy man you have ever known?
Croesus Who is the most happy man you have ever known?
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Croesus Cyrus Oracle of Delphi
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If you go to war against Persia, a great kingdom will fall”
Croesus Cyrus If you go to war against Persia, a great kingdom will fall”
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Sardis
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“Solon was right”
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Hubris Outrageous arrogance
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Medes Astyages Persians Mandane Cambyses Cyrus II (the Great) Harpagus
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Kingdom of Cyrus
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Cambyses Secretly murders his brother Smerdis Invades Egypt Pseudo Smerdis
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Darius the Great Athenian support of Ionian Revolt
Subjugation of Thrace & Macedon Invasion of Greece
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Casualties Persians: 6400 Athenians: 192
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Xerxes (486-464 B.C.) Argument over succession
Rebellion in Egypt and Babylon Invasion of Greece
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The Age of Pericles Political equality between rich and poor
480 – 430 B.C. Political equality between rich and poor Political offices by lot instead of election Treasury of Delian League Greek theatre
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The Age of Pericles
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The Age of Pericles 480 – 430 B.C. “Those who can think, but cannot express what they think, place themselves at the level of those who cannot think”
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The Age of Pericles 480 – 430 B.C. “Nor is it any longer possible for you to give up this empire… Your empire is now like a tyranny: it may have been wrong to take it; it is certainly dangerous to let it go. ”
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Peloponnesian War Major naval power Democracy Military society
Athens ! Major naval power Democracy Sparta ! Military society Ruled by two kings
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Spartan Culture Two Kings A military mindset Social Classes Warriors
Periokoi: Merchants & craftsmen Helots (Serfs) Slaves
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Spartan Culture Spartan Social Life “With your shield or on it”
Physical perfection Military School: Age 7 Barracks: Age 20 Marriage “With your shield or on it” The “parthenoi” War with Athens
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Alcibiades Leader of expedition Tried for religious crimes
Defected to Sparta
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Syracuse Nicias Called for reinforcements
Tried to surround Syracuse with a wall Defeated in battle
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What lessons can we learn from the Peloponnesian War?
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Socrates Presented in Plato’s Dialogues
470 – 399 B.C. Presented in Plato’s Dialogues What is the Socratic Method of teaching? Why is this effective? Charges: Impiety Corruption of the youth
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Death of Socrates
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Plato Student of Socrates The Republic
428 – 348 B.C. Student of Socrates The Republic Presented as teachings of Socrates Allegory of the cave Details problems in democracy Prefers the wise philosopher-king
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Aristotle Student of Plato Philosopher-scientist
384 – 322 B.C. Student of Plato Philosopher-scientist Tutor to Alexander of Macedon
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Plato Aristotle The world we see with our senses is only a shadowy incomplete version of the truth We make systematic observation and analysis to form logical statements about the world Metaphysical philosophy Scientific method Focused on what is important, even if it is not necessarily true Focused on what is true, even if it is not necessarily important
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Maps provided by David P. Barrett Used by Permission
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