1. How do we determine these structures?

2. Mineral Crystals

4. Two-Dimensional “Crystal” Translational Symmetry
M.C. Escher

5. Two-Dimensional “Crystal” With Mirror Symmetry
M.C. Escher

6. Crystal Lattice
Alexander McPherson, Introduction to Macromolecular Crystallography
Wiley-Liss, 2002

7. Crystal Systems
Jenny Pickworth Glusker, Kenneth N. Trueblood, Crystal Structure Analysis: A Primer, Oxford University Press, 1985

8. Light Diffraction
Henry S. Lipson Crystals and X-rays Taylor & Francis 1970

9. X-ray Diffraction
Gale Rhodes, Crystallography Made Crystal Clear: A Guide for Users of Macromolecular Models, Academic Press, 1993

10. X-ray Crystallography

11. X-ray Diffraction Photograph
Rosalind Franklin’s diffraction photo of DNA

13. Electron Density Maps

14. Crystal Structures Myoglobin Hemoglobin Lysozyme Ribonuclease
Myoglobin: Kendrew, Bodo, Dintzis, Parrish, Wyckoff, Phillips, Nature , Hemoglobin: Perutz, Proc. R. Soc. A265, ,1962. Lysozyme: Blake, Koenig, Mair, North, Phillips, Sarma, Nature , Ribonuclease: Kartha, Bello, Harker, Nature 213, Wyckoff, Hardman, Allewell, Inagami, Johnson, Richards. J. Biol. Chem. 242, , 1967.

15. The Steps in the Process
Isolation,
Expression,
Purification,
Crystallization
Target
Selection
Data
Collection
Structure
Solution
Structure
Refinement
Functional
Annotation
Publication

16. Vapor diffusion
McPherson, A. Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1999, p. 179.

17. Protein crystals
McPherson, A. Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1999, p. 185.

18. Crystal mounting
Glusker, J. & Trueblood, K. Crystal Structure Analysis: A Primer.
Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 44.

19. Sealed Tube Diffractometer

20. Rotating Anode Diffractometer

21. Synchrotron X-ray source

22. Synchrotron Beamline Diffractometer