1. PART III: ORGANIC REACTIONS
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
PART III:
ORGANIC REACTIONS

2. Substitution Used to place a halogen onto an alkane
Must use the halogen in diatomic form
The products are always a halocarbon and hydro_______ acid.
Needs ultraviolet light to activate the reaction

3. Addition
Takes place with unsaturated compounds which are usually more reactive that saturated compounds
Add a halogen across a double bond

4. Polymerization Making of polymers from monomers.
Monomers – individual units of a polymer.
Addition polymerization – alkenes or alkynes joining together to form a long chain saturated hydrocarbon.
Used to create plastics and rubber

5. Condensation polymerization – monomers contain OH and/or NH2 groups
Results in two products, a polymer and water
Used to create nylon and polyester

6. Making Ethers CH3CH2CH2OH + CH3CH2CH2CH2OH →
Dehydrate 2 primary alcohols and produce water and an ether
CH3CH2CH2OH + CH3CH2CH2CH2OH →
(1- propanol) (1- butanol)
HOH + CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3
(water) (propyl butyl ether)

7. Esterification Alcohol + Acid = Water + Ester
Used in making perfumes and scents
Combination reaction which involves dehydration.
The alcohol becomes the alkyl group and the acid becomes the -oate

8. Fermentation
Enzymes are used as catalysts and sugars are broken down to alcohols and carbon dioxide
Zymase C6H12O C2H5OH CO2
Glucose Ethanol Carbon dioxide

9. Saponification Hydrolysis of fats by a strong base (KOH or NaOH)
Products are soap and glycerol

10. Practical Application
Alkyl halides – used as solvents, cleaning agents, nonstick coatings (PTFE), refrigerants (CFCs)
Denatured alcohols (solvents, fuel)
Ethers – anesthetics for surgery
Amines – dyes, pesticides, plastics, tires
Aldehydes – preservatives, buttons, appliance and automotive parts, adhesives
Ketones – acetone, solvents for waxes, plastics, paints, glues
Organic acids – insects, foods, used to make esters
Esters – flavors, fragrances – foods, candles, perfumes, etc.

11. Petroleum Crude oil from the earth is made up of many of hydrocarbons
In order to separate it into many useful compounds, two processes are used
Cracking – use of high heat, to break long hydrocarbon chains into smaller ones
Fractional distillation – separation of hydrocarbons due to differences in boiling points