1. An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology

2. INTRODUCTION Overview
Focus of exercise and sport physiology
Acute and chronic responses to exercise
The evolution of exercise physiology
Research: the foundation for understanding

3. Focus of Exercise and Sport Physiology
Physiology is the study of the function of organisms
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment
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4. Focus of Exercise and Sport Physiology (continued)
Exercise physiology is the study of how body structure and function are altered by exposure to acute and chronic bouts of exercise
Environmental physiology is the study of the effects of the environment on the function of the body
Sport physiology is the application of the concepts of exercise physiology to training athletes and enhancing sport performance

5. Acute and Chronic Responses to Exercise
Acute exercise is a single bout of exercise
Chronic adaptation is a physiological change that occurs when the body is exposed to repeated exercise bouts over weeks or months; these changes generally improve the body’s efficiency at rest and during exercise

6. The Evolution of Exercise Physiology: Early Exercise Physiologists
Archibald V. Hill
Nobel Prize winner (1921)
Studied energy metabolism in isolated frog muscle
Conducted first physiological studies on runners
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7. The Evolution of Exercise Physiology: Early Exercise Physiologists (continued)
John S. Haldane
Developed methods of measuring oxygen use during exercise
Known for his work in human physiology and respiration

8. The Evolution of Exercise Physiology: The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
Founded by biochemist Lawrence J. Henderson
Directed by David Bruce Dill (D.B. Dill)
Focused on the physiology of human movement and the effects of environmental stress on exercise
Most contemporary exercise physiologists can trace their roots back to the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

9. The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory: Early Measurements
Collecting expired air in a sealed bag known as a Douglas bag
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10. The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory: Early Measurements (continued)
A sample of the gas from the Douglas bag was measured for oxygen and carbon dioxide using a chemical gas analyzer

11. The Evolution of Exercise Physiology: Scandinavian Influence
Eric Hohwü-Christensen
Published important series of five research studies in the late 1930s on carbohydrate and fat metabolism
Per-Olof Åstrand
Conducted studies on physical fitness and endurance capacity during the 1950s and 1960s
Jonas Bergstrom
Reintroduced the biopsy needle in 1966 to study human muscle biochemistry

12. The Evolution of Exercise Physiology: Research Milestones
Peter Karpovich
Helped introduce physiology to physical activity
Thomas K. Cureton
Helped establish a rationale to use exercise to promote a healthy lifestyle
Elsworth Buskirk
Established The Laboratory for Human Performance Research in 1974

13. Video 0.1
When you are in the normal view of the PowerPoint slides, you should right-click on the image and then choose “Open hyperlink” to play the video. In the slide show view, you will simply click on the image to play the video. You must have an Internet connection in order to link to the streaming video.
In this video, Jim Pawelczyk discusses the four P’s of medicine and the important role of exercise in individualized health strategies.

14. The Evolution of Exercise Physiology: Contemporary Approaches
John Holloszy and Charles Tipton
Introduced biochemical approach to exercise physiology research
First to use rats and mice to study muscle metabolism and fatigue
Phil Gollnick
Studied individual muscle fiber characteristics and their responses to training in rats and humans

15. Video 0.2
In this video, Jim Pawelczyk discusses the integration of cellular-level processes with a view of the entire organism.

16. The Evolution of Exercise Physiology: Women in Exercise Physiology
Birgitta Essen
Collaborated with Bengt Saltin and Phil Gollnick in publishing the earliest studies on muscle fiber types in human muscle
Karen Piehl
Among the first to demonstrate that the nervous system selectively recruits type I and type II fibers
Barbara Drinkwater
Among the first to address issues specifically related to the female athlete

17. Research: The Foundation for Understanding

18. Animation 0.9
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19. Research Tools: Ergometers
Ergometers are used to measure physical work in standardized conditions
Treadmills and cycle ergometers are most commonly used

20. Research Designs
Longitudinal research tests the same subjects and compares results over time
Cross-sectional research collects data from a diverse population and compares groups in that population
Longitudinal studies are often more accurate than cross-sectional studies, but are time-consuming and expensive

21. Dose-Response Relationships Cross-Sectional Study

22. Dose-Response Relationships Longitudinal Study

23. Table 0.1

24. Reading and Interpreting Tables and Graphs
The title will identify what information is being presented
Units for each variable should be clearly presented
Graphs better illustrate
Trends in data
Response patterns
Comparisons of data between subject groups
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25. Reading and Interpreting Tables and Graphs (continued)
x-axis is the independent variable or factor that is controlled by the study design
y-axis is the dependent variable that will change depending on how the independent variable is manipulated

26. Figure 0.15

27. Figure 0.16