1. The Election of 1796 Federalists select Vice-president John Adams
Democratic-Republicans select Thomas Jefferson
Campaigning was of a nasty nature, Jefferson was attacked for not being religious and for his closeness to the French Revolution, while Adams was attacked for being fond of the British monarchy and being aloof.

2. Election of 1796
Should we be surprised by today’s speech?

3. Campaign Issues Issues Who won? Personalities Whiskey Rebellion
Jay’s Treaty
Need for a Bank
Who won?
Adams 71 to 68
Jefferson becomes Vice President

4. The Electoral College
Adams wins Presidency by three votes, Jefferson V-P

5. A look inside the numbers
What does the map reveal about the strengths of each political party and their candidate?
Do you believe that the map supports the general portrayal of the candidates?

6. John Adams – a short movie

7. Issues with France Jay’s Treaty, Hamilton and Jefferson viewpoints
Seizure of US ships, threatened hanging of US citizens onboard captured British ships
US diplomats turned
away by France, a no
win situation for Pres.
Adams

8. THE XYZ Affair
Adams attempts to negotiate a new peace agreement with France
US diplomats are greeted with demands for a $250, bribe from French Minister Talleyrand and a $12million loan.
John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry and Charles Pinckney return to US.

9. “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!”
Public outcry for war
Adams strengthens US navy and begins attacking French privateers.
In two years the US Navy will sink or capture 90 French vessels in the “Quasi-War”

10. Peace at last Adams again attempts a diplomatic solution
Treaty of Mortefontaine or Convention of 1800 ends hostilities, terminates all prior agreements and established trade ties.
Adams – Hamilton friendship ruined, loses support of Federalist Party

11. Alien and Sedition Acts
Attempt by Federalists to silence political opposition
President will have power to arrest and deport aliens and fine and imprison citizens for treasonable or secret leanings”
Federalists believed Acts were “war time Measures”

12. Alien and Sedition Acts
Series of four laws to protect national security and weaken Democratic-Republican Party,
Alien Enemies Act – determine if foreigners were a threat during wartime, especially the French and “Wild Irish”
Alien Friends Act – deportation during peace or war if person viewed as a threat
Naturalization Act – wait for citizenship increased to 14 years, most immigrants joined Democratic-Republican Party
Sedition Act – opposition to the government forbidden
Acts were a response to fear from within

13. Irish Images from our past

15. Democratic-Republican Response
Federalist actions were attacks on First Amendment freedoms
Jefferson and James Madison author the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Promote a states rights or compact theory of government, states had formed a COMPACT when Constitution was ratified, states have the power to nullify federal acts they deem UNCONSTITUTIONAL

16. Federalist Response
Constitution is an agreement between the people and not the states
Only Federal Courts could determine the actions of the other two branches
What will the states rights theory lead to in the next 70 years?
Fact Check – Pres. Adams never used the Alien Act, Sedition Act resulted in 11 trials and 10 convictions

17. Election of 1800 A modern recreation of days gone by

18. The Revolution of 1800 Map of the Presidential Election of 1800.
Aaron Burr works a deal for with Dem-Rep. legislators in favor of Jefferson
Jefferson v. Adams
A bloodless change of leadership
Jefferson wins after election goes to House of Representatives

19. The 12th Amendment Ratified in 1804
Prevents ties in presidential elections
Separate ballots are cast for president & vice-president

20. Jeffersonian Principles
Representative Democracy is the core political value of America
Yeoman farmer best example of virtue & independence, not corrupting influences of the city & big business
Avoid entangling alliances while spreading the “American Empire of Liberty”
National government is a dangerous necessity, should serve the people, watched closely and have limited powers
Religion and government should be separate
Individual and states rights must be sacred
Standing army and navy are threats to people and their liberty

21. Marbury V. Madison Background of the case?
Jefferson won the election of 1800
Federalists fear they have lost control of the government
How did Federalists tighten their hold on the judiciary?
Judiciary Act of 1801
Created new circuit courts and 16 judgeships
Many appointees called Midnight Judges
Jefferson repeals the Act in 1802 and eliminates the judges

22. Marbury V. Madison The issue?
Marbury and other people appointed to judgeships but never received their commissions
Madison refused to deliver the commissions
Marbury sues in the Supreme Court?
Asks for an Writ of Mandamus

23. The Legal Issues Were (midnight) judges legally appointed to serve?
Did Jefferson/Madison have the right to refuse to deliver the commissions?
Could the Court order the delivery of the commissions?

24. The Decision and Impact
The Supreme Court Agreed with Marbury’s right to sue
Court stated it did not have the right to force the President to act
Marshall declared that Section 13 of the Judicial Act of 1789 that gave the Court the right to issue writs was unconstitutional
Unconstitutional because it increased the power of the Court by an Act of Congress
Could only be done by Constitutional Amendment

25. Impact of the Case “The final interpreter of the Constitution”
Marshall takes for the supreme court its most important role :
“The final interpreter of the Constitution”
Marshall Served from 1801 – 1835
Strong Federalist
Strengthened the power of the Federal Government

26. Marbury v. Madison

27. Barbary Wars
May 1801 – Pasha of Tripoli declares war on US after Jefferson refuses to pay tributes of $225, and annual tributes of $25,000.00
May 20th Jefferson dispatches a naval squadron to the North African coast

28. Original map can be found at:
Barbary Wars
Map of Tripoli
Original map can be found at:
In his first annual message, Jefferson addresses the Barbary Wars.
He justifies his actions of sending a naval fleet to the Mediterranean.
He also outlines the reasons the Pasha of Tripoli declared war with the United States.

29. Barbary Wars
1803 – Jefferson faces much criticism for his decisions made regarding the war
The Philadelphia runs aground in the Tripoli Harbor and it crew and captain are taken captive

30. Barbary Wars
Realizing that there was no way to recapture the Philadelphia, Commodore Preble devises a plan to destroy the ship
February 4, 1804 the Philadelphia was destroyed.
August 3, 1804 the first attack against Tripoli took place when the Constitution’s guns fired on the city.
September 1804 – the final battle takes place in the harbor of Tripoli
September 1804 – Commodore Barron arrived with backup for Commodore Preble
Commodore Barron, who is senior in rank to Preble, continued the blockade and started looking for a new way to peace
Shortly after Commodore Barron arrive, Commodore Preble retired
June 4, 1805 after the Pasha of Tripoli had been replaced, a treaty was made with the United States and the prisoners were released

31. Louisiana Purchase April 30, 1803
Robert Livingston & James Monroe signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty in Paris
The United States paid $15 million for the land, roughly 4 cents per acre
The purchase added 828,00 square miles of land west of the Mississippi to the United States
July 4 the Louisiana Purchase is publicly announced

32. Maps of the Louisiana Purchase

33. Lewis and Clark Expedition
January 18, 1803
Jefferson asks Congress for funds to explore the land west of the Mississippi
His goal is to find a water route to the Pacific
May 1804
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark depart on the expedition

34. Lewis and Clark Expedition
January 18, 1803
Jefferson sends a secret message to congress regarding the Lewis and Clark Expedition
In this message Jefferson asks for permission to establish trading with the Native Americans

35. Jefferson Louisiana Purchase Nickel

36. Second Inaugural Address
Delivered on March 4, 1805
Stresses the importance of American neutrality in matters of foreign affairs
Outlines the Louisiana Purchase and the processes by which the original inhabitants of the land will become citizens of the United States
Stresses the importance of harmony amongst all inhabitants of America

37. Embargo Act of 1807
Renewal of the Napoleonic Wars between France and Great Britain
America was once again trapped between the two nations
Jefferson wanting to stay neutral proposed an embargo on all foreign trade
This was highly unsuccessful and devastated the American Economy
The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 was put in place to repeal the unsuccessful Embargo Act