2. What is meant by Southernization, in contrast to Westernization?

3. What’s the thesis (main idea, goal, or argument) of the article?

4. What goods and ideas first drove Southernization
What goods and ideas first drove Southernization? Why do you think this was so?

5. What kinds of conclusions can you draw about Maylay sailors, given where they sailed and how?

6. What do you think of the author’s characterization of the global South as “rich” in comparison with the “poor” north? How is this different from what we see today?

7. Discuss the accomplishments of India
Discuss the accomplishments of India. Why do you think India produced so many important achievements?

8. What was the role of Islam in southernization?

9. According to Shaffer, what role did the Mongols play in the process of southernization?

10. What were some of the elements of southernization that changed China in the Song and Tang eras?

11. Do you agree with Shaffer, that the process of Southernization made the rise of Europe and the West possible? Why or why not?