1. General Ecology and Population Issues
Mrs. B-Z

2. Environmental Problems
Population Growth
Wasteful use of Resources
Destruction and degradation of wildlife habitats
Extinction of plants and animals
Poverty
Pollution

3. Human activity has modified or disturbed ____% of the earth’s land.
73%
27% remains intact and undisturbed. However the number is always decreasing.

4. Bettering of Society Longer Life expectancy Lower Infant Mortality
Higher Crop Yields

5. Environment Solar and earth capital Sun’s Energy Air Water
Animals and Plants
Minerals
Natural purification
Recycling (natural and artificial)
Pest control

6. Sustainable Society
Manages its economy and population size without exceeding all or part of the planet’s ability to absorb the environmental insults and replenish
Use only what is needed and replenishes what is taken

7. Earth Wisdom
Learning as much as we can about how to sustain the earth

8. Population Growth and the Wealth Gap
Types of societies and the differences this has on both population and the environment

9. Exponential Growth
Quantity increases by a fixed percentage of the whole in a given time

10. Population Explosion
Although the global population rate is between 2-5%, the consequences of an increasing population of billions of people has become a key issue in many areas hand has lead to some countries having reproductive law to decrease population growth.

11.                                                                                        
1 billion 2 billion 3 billion 4 billion 5 billion 6 billion 7 billion 8 billion 9 billion (range of estimates: billion)
Population Estimates

12. The population statistics—people living on the planet at the same time.
60,000 years ago = 1 billion
130 years ago = 2 billion
30 years ago = 3 billion
15 years ago = 4 billion
12 years ago = 5 billion
6 years ago = 6 billion
2 years ago = 7 billion

13. MDC = More Developed Countries
A country whose standard of living is similar to the US
Industrialized or post-industrialized societies
Which countries can you think of that fall into this category?

14. LDC—Less Developed Countries
Countries that have a much lower standard of living than the US or at least most of the residents have this lower standard of living.
Can you think of countries that fall into this category?

15. Map of Countries

16. Population Changes

17. Map of Countries

18. What caused these jumps in population?
10,000 – 12,000 years ago the Agricultural Revolution began
275 years ago the Industrial Revolution
What effect does this lifestyle have on population?
How does this tie into a sustainable society?

19. GNP Gross National Product
Market value in current dollars of all goods and services produced within and consumed within a country; imported and exported goods

20. Per Capita GNP
GNP/total population

21. Human Population
Size and Distribution

22. Population Change For the Planet: Births – Deaths = population change
For a country: Births + immigrations – (deaths + emigrations) = population change

23. Population Density

24. Populations

25. Birth Rates = live births /1000

26. Death Rates Deaths/1000 Factors: Health care Technology
Preventative care
Working conditions
Retirement

27. Death Rates

28. NPG and ZPG ZPG = Zero Population Growth
What is the birth rate for zero population growth?
NPG = Negative Population Growth
Negative population growth can be achieved by decreasing the birth rate to less than 2 per woman of childbearing age or increasing the death rate.

29. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Average number of children that a woman will have during her childbearing years

30. Factors Affecting TFRs
Traditions
Education
Marriage
Divorce
Religion
Health
Children as labor
Urbanization
Cost of raising a child
Average marrying age
Pensions
Availability of abortion
Contraception

31. Infant Mortality—infants who do not live to age one year

32. Resources
Types of resources

33. Renewable or Perpetual
Continues without any artificial support
Can you think of any examples of this type of resource?
Solar energy
Wind Energy
Water Energy
Water purification (low yields)

34. Potentially Renewable
Resources that can be renewed but they must be replaced at the rate at which they are being used
Can you think of examples of this?
Trees
Grass
Animals
Lakes
Soil

35. Sustainable Yield
Rate at which a potentially renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing available supply

36. Nonrenewable Resource
Iron
Copper
Aluminum
Salt
Clay
Sand
phosphates
A resource in fixed quantity that may take too long to replace to be effective
Can you think of any examples of this type of resource?
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Uranium

37. General Ecology
Terms and Definitions

38. Biodiversity
Different life forms that can survive the variety of conditions currently found on earth

40. Answers

41. Pollution and Degradation
Defining and Understanding

42. Pollution
Any addition to air, water, soil, or food that threatens the health, survival, or activities of a living organism

43. Types of Pollution
Number of people x resources x environmental degradation = environmental impact

44. Two sources of pollution
Point Source—the source is identifiable
Can you think of examples of this?
Nonpoint source—sources are general and not readily identified.
Can you think of any of these?

45. Characteristics that make a type of pollution harmful
Chemical Nature
Concentration
Persistence
Degradable (less than 10 years)
Slowly Degradable (more than 10 years)
Nondegradable (over 250 years)

46. Which would be advocated by environmentalists?
Pollution Solutions
Prevention
Cleanup
Which would be advocated by environmentalists?

47. Waste and Recycling

48. Facts about Waste Longevity
How long will these last in a landfill?
Banana Peel?
2 years
Plastic bag?
10-20 years
Plastic bottle?
100 years
Aluminum Can?
500 years
Glass bottles?
1,000 years
Styrofoam?
10,000 years at least

49. What is a landfill?

50. Alternatives for Waste
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Incinerate
Compost

51. What is Recyclable? Glass Wood Aluminum Most metals Paper
Plastic (most)

52. Incinerate—burn waste to ash which is buried
Incinerators
Incinerate—burn waste to ash which is buried

53. Can you think of any problems with this process?

54. Composting
Compost—creates a sweet, organic fertilizer; enriches soil

56. Can you think of any problems with this process?

57. We don’t have to share beliefs but we do have to share the planet!