1. Transcription and Translation
How DNA Controls the Cell

2. DNA and Control of the Cell
I. DNA controls the cells by coding for A. Proteins are used 1. in cell construction 2. as enzymes - catalysts that control

3. II. Protein structure A. Consists of a chain of

4.     2.  The order of the amino acids in the chain determine the type of that is created
3. Every three base pairs in DNA ( ) codes for one

5. Transcription
Transcription is the process of copying one strand of DNA to

6. II. RNA is the working molecule A
II. RNA is the working molecule A. DNA stays in the so it is protected B. is the copy of DNA that is functional

7. B. RNA has a Single Strand 1. Only has a single
B. RNA has a Single Strand 1. Only has a single *Thymine is replaced by Uracil (Uracil pairs with

8. Use this DNA template to create a strand of RNA
T A C C T A A C G
*Divide up your strand into codons

9. Use this chart to discover what amino acids your codons code for… write them under each codon

10. Translation 
Once the mRNA leaves the nucleus it travels to a ribosome that will help translate the mRNA into an amino acid chain.
Where are ribosomes found in the cell?
*If the protein is going to be used inside the cell it is made at a
*If the protein is going to be packaged for use outside the cell, it will be made on a ribosome attached to the

11. Translation
The ribosome matches up the codons of mRNA with “anitcodons” of transfer RNA (tRNA) by matching up the bases.
*Label a codon, anticodon, mRNA, tRNA and amino acid on this image

12. Translation Each tRNA unit has an amino acid attached to it
When two units of tRNA are in the ribosome the amino acids are linked to each other

13. Translation
The ribosome ejects the first tRNA unit and moves down, accepts another tRNA unit and links the amino acids.
This continues and the amino acid chain grows.

14. Translation
The ribosome reaches a “stop” codon and the ribosome and protein releases from the mRNA

15. Based on the order of amino acids, the protein folds up into a particular shape that does a particular function in the body:
Hemoglobin: delivers oxygen to the body
Insulin: regulates blood sugar

16. Proteins Come in two basic categories: Fibrous: Globular:
Fig. 1: Image of a collagen protein responsible for building connective tissue
Come in two basic categories:
Fibrous:
Structure is long chains
Function is that they’re typically are a structural protein that help build tissues in the body
Globular:
Structure is more like a sphere shape
Functions are typically enzymes and transport proteins
Fig. 2: Representation of a hemoglobin protein responsible for transportation of oxygen in the blood stream