1. Slavery In the Modern World

2. Question: There are many kinds of modern slavery
Are we directly responsible for any of the slavery occurring around the world today?

3. What is modern slavery? A slave is:
Forced to work -- through mental or physical threat.
Owned or controlled by an 'employer', usually through mental or physical abuse or threatened abuse.
Dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought and sold as 'property’.
Physically constrained or has restrictions placed on his/her freedom of movement.

4. What types of slavery exist today?
Bonded labour affects at least 20 million people around the world. People become bonded labourers by taking or being tricked into taking a loan for as little as the cost of medicine for a sick child. To repay the debt, many are forced to work long hours, seven days a week, up to 365 days a year. They receive basic food and shelter as 'payment' for their work, but may never pay off the loan, which can be passed down for generations.
Early and forced marriage affects women and girls who are married without choice and are forced into lives of servitude often accompanied by physical violence.
Forced labour affects people who are illegally recruited by individuals, governments or political parties and forced to work -- usually under threat of violence or other penalties.
Slavery by descent is where people are either born into a slave class or are from a 'group' that society views as suited to being used as slave labour.
Trafficking involves the transport and/or trade of people -- women, children and men -- from one area to another for the purpose of forcing them into slavery conditions.
Worst forms of child labour affects an estimated 179 million children around the world in work that is harmful to their health and welfare.

5. Africa – Slavery Still Exists
Millions of people in slavery
Labor and sex trafficking
International trafficking
Intra-national traffficking

6. Cocoa Bean Plantations
Cocoa beans grown on cocoa farms in Ivory Coast
Children bought for $30 from parents
Sold as slaves to cocoa plantations
Slave labor to produce chocolate

7. More About Cocoa Slave Labor
15,0000 children in slave labor on cocoa plantation
500,000 cocoa plantations
Cocoa sold to Nestle, Hershey, Mars, Cadbury, and other chocolate factories in U.S., U.K., Europe

8. The dark side of chocolate
Children are underfed
Forced to work long hours
Locked up at night to prevent escape.
If they are caught trying to escape, they are often severely beaten.

9. Children in slavery I am Sawadogo Sayouba.
I am 15 years old now, but I began working when I was 8.
The work is hard and horrible.
I wake up, go to work on the plantation, return, wash, eat, go to bed.
I pick, cut branches and vines, sweep, break cocoa pods, kneed the cocoa.
The worst part of my work is the heavy carrying and the mixing after we break the pods.

10. Bonded labor
Bonded labor – or debt bondage – the least known form of slavery today, and yet it is the most widely used method of enslaving people.
A person becomes a bonded laborer when his or her labour is demanded as a means of repayment for a loan. The person is then tricked or trapped into working for very little or no pay, often for seven days a week. The value of their work is invariably greater than the original sum of money borrowed.
Bonded laborers are routinely threatened with and subjected to physical and sexual violence. They are kept under various forms of surveillance, in some cases by armed guards.

11. What is child labor? Full time work at a very early age
Millions of children do extremely hazardous work in harmful conditions, putting their health, education, personal and social development, and even their lives at risk. These are some of the circumstances they face:
Full time work at a very early age
Dangerous workplaces
Excessive working hours
Subjection to psychological, verbal, physical and sexual abuse
Obliged to work by circumstances or individuals
Limited or no pay
Work and life on the streets in bad conditions
Inability to escape from the poverty cycle -- no access to education

12. Why do children work?
Most children work because their families are poor and their labour is necessary for their survival. Discrimination on grounds including gender, race or religion also plays its part in why some children work.
Children are often employed and exploited because, compared to adults, they are more vulnerable, cheaper to hire and are less likely to demand higher wages or better working conditions. Some employers falsely argue that children are particularly suited to certain types of work because of their small size and "nimble fingers".
For many children, school is not an option. Education can be expensive and some parents feel that what their children will learn is irrelevant to the realities of their everyday lives and futures. In many cases, school is also physically inaccessible or lessons are not taught in the child's mother tongue, or both.
As well as being a result of poverty, child labour also perpetuates poverty. Many working children do not have the opportunity to go to school and often grow up to be unskilled adults trapped in poorly paid jobs, and in turn will look to their own children to supplement the family's income.

13. India – More modern slavery
Intergenerational slavery of children and adults
22 million people in bonded labor
Labor and Sex Trafficking

14. Brick factories in India
Whole families
in debt bondage
A life of slavery from birth to death
Children forced into labor at very early ages.

15. Sex Slavery in India Sex trafficking in big cities of India
Mumbai, Calcutta, New Delhi, Pune, Chennai
Girls sold into slavery at 6 and 8 yrs old
Some born into brothels

16. Child Begging Children sold to professional beggars
Sent out on streets to beg
Some children maimed to enhance begging capability
Political will to stop child begging?

17. Child Soldiers - DRC

18. Child soldiers undergoing drill at the Mangango camp, near Beni (DRC)

19. Child Soldiers Forced to Fight

20. Child Soldiers Forced to Mine Coltan in DRC

21. The Flow of Coltan War in DRC forced legitimate mining companies out
Rebel groups mine, forcing prisoners and child soldiers
Miners work long shifts in hazardous mines which are not maintained to international standards
The day’s work is sold for a pittance
The coltan ends up in Rwanda or Uganda. 
Multinational mineral companies buy from rebel groups
Coltan also is flown from Rwanda to Europe
Buyers set prices in London.  
More than twenty international mining companies import

22. Child Soldiers Mining

23. Coltan: Black Gold

24. What Is Trafficking? Is It Slavery?
Human trafficking involves the movement of people through violence, deception or coercion for the purpose of forced labour, servitude or slavery-like practices.
It is slavery because traffickers use violence, threats, and other forms of coercion to force their victims to work against their will. This includes controlling their freedom of movement, where and when they will work and what pay, if any, they will receive.

25. Southeast Asia Sex Trafficking Epidemic

26. Europe – More trafficking
Uzbek women detained after anti- trafficking raid
Countries of origin – Russia, Southeast European countries; Eastern European countries

27. Trafficking in the Middle East

28. Trafficking in the United States
Our “wake-up call”
in 1998
Rosa’s story – children trafficked from Mexico to U.S.
Since then, a case in every state

29. U.S. Trafficking Cases
2007
2006
2005
2004 AS
NMI
© Laura J. Lederer, 2009

30. The Nature and Scope of 21st Century Slavery
Statistics:
Difficult to calculate
Underground Activity
Intl Criminal Cartels
No Methodologies
e.g. – U.S. crime
stats methodology

31. What the Experts Say 800,000 – 1,000,000 – U.S. Dept of State
2 million children – UNICEF
4 million people – UNODC
12.3 for labor trafficking -- ILO
22 million in bonded labor in India - IJM
27 million worldwide – Kevin Bales

32. Economics of Trafficking
$217 billion/yr – including ancillary activities
$32 billion/yr --
all forms
$19 billion – sex trafficking alone

33. What You Can Do Educate Yourself about Human Trafficking
Talk to Your Friends
Write Articles for School Newspaper
Contact Your Legislator
Raise Money for the Cause
Get Involved with Anti-Trafficking Group
Speak in your Church or Community

34. Stopping Human Trafficking: A Work in Progress

35. Classification:
The U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act, enacted in October 2000, requires the department to submit an annual report to Congress on the status of severe forms of human trafficking.
Under the act, the department classifies countries into three tiers.
The worst, Tier 3, represents a group of countries that do not fully comply with the act's minimum standards and are making insignificant efforts to reach compliance: Bangladesh, Cuba, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gyana, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Venezuela, Northern Korea and Burma.
Tier 2 countries do not fully comply but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance: 42 countries, including Georgia, India, Laos, Mexico, the Philippines and Russia, Japan.
Tier 1 nations are in full compliance with the act's minimum standards.