1. Module 1: Reproductive Anatomy & Physiology
Module 1 Cover
Module 1: Reproductive Anatomy & Physiology

2. Module 1 Overview UNIT 1: PHYSICAL ANATOMY UNIT 2: PUBERTY
Male reproductive anatomy
Female reproductive anatomy
UNIT 2: PUBERTY
Normal pubertal development
Puberty disorders
UNIT 3: SEXUAL RESPONSE
Sexual response cycle
UNIT 4: UNDERSTANDING GENDER DIVERSITY, SEXUAL IDENTITY, AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Gender diversity
Sex, gender identity and sexual orientation
Homophobia

3. Unit 1 Cover
Unit 1:
Physical Anatomy

4. Unit 1, Page 1 Male Reproductive Anatomy
The male reproductive organs are the penis, testicles, epididymis, vas deferens and prostate gland. It is easier to see the male reproductive organs as they are mainly on the outside of the body.

5. Unit 1, Page 2 Male Reproductive Anatomy
The penis is made up of two main areas; the shaft, which consists of spongy tissue that fills with blood when the penis is erect, and the glans, the sensitive tip which is covered by foreskin in uncircumcised men. The penis has three functions:
passing urine
sexual pleasure
passage of semen

6. Unit 1, Page 3 Male Reproductive Anatomy
The testicles are two oval shaped glands located in a sack of skin called the scrotum. The scrotum is situated behind the penis. The left testicle usually hangs slightly lower than the right so they fit more comfortably. The testicles produce sperm and male sex hormones. They hang outside the body so they can be kept cooler than the rest of the body as this is important for the production of sperm.

7. Unit 1, Page 4 Male Reproductive Anatomy
The epididymis is a single, coiled tube attached to the top and back of each testicle. The epididymis collects and stores sperm until it is released through the penis. The epididymis continues as a single larger tube - the vas deferens, which transports sperm into a storage area in the prostate gland.

8. Unit 1, Page 5 Male Reproductive Anatomy
There are other glands in addition to the prostate - seminal vesicles, bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands - that provide the sperm with nourishment and lubricating fluid. The mixture of sperm and other fluid is called semen.

9. Unit 1, Page 6 Female Reproductive Anatomy
The female reproductive organs are the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and breasts.

10. Unit 1, Page 7 Female Reproductive Anatomy
The vagina is a muscular canal about 10 centimetres long that extends from the cervix to the vaginal entrance at the vulva. The vagina has four functions:
where the menstrual blood leaves the body during a period
for vaginal - penile intercourse
childbirth
sexual pleasure

11. Unit 1, Page 8 Female Reproductive Anatomy
Because of its muscular walls the vagina can expand when necessary, such as during sexual intercourse or childbirth. The vagina only expands as much as it needs to in order to hold what is inside, be it a tampon, penis or a baby.  The vagina's muscular walls are lined with mucous membranes, which keep it protected and moist. The vagina has less lubrication and is drier when the circulating estrogen levels are low – such as while breast feeding or after menopause.

12. Unit 1, Page 9 Female Reproductive Anatomy
The uterus is a muscular organ, shaped like a small upside down pear and is able to expand to accommodate a pregnancy. Its lining is called the endometrium and the muscular layer is called the myometrium. The cervix is connected to the vagina, at the base of the uterus.

13. Unit 1, Page 10 Female Reproductive Anatomy
The fallopian tubes extend from the top of the uterus, one on each side, and have fimbriae (or finger like projections) at the ends that open near the ova. They are about 10 centimetres long and carry the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. An ova can move along either fallopian tube i.e. not just the one on the same side of the body.

14. Unit 1, Page 11 Female Reproductive Anatomy
The ovaries, one on either side of the uterus, are two small almond-shaped glands that contain ova. The ovaries also produce oestrogen and progesterone.

15. Unit 1, Page 12 Female Reproductive Anatomy
The main physiological function of the breast is to feed a baby. They are also important because they can give a woman pleasure when touched and for many women they are an important part of their sexual activity.

16. Unit 1, Page 13 Female Reproductive Anatomy
The external genital area is called the vulva. At the top of the vulva is a mound of fatty tissue called the mons pubis. Below the mons pubis there are two folds of skin called the labia majora (outer lips) and labia minora (inner lips). The labia minora are thinner than the labia majora, sensitive to touch and moist because of lubricating fluid produced by glands in the labia.

17. Unit 1, Page 14 Female Reproductive Anatomy
At the top of the labia minora is the clitoris. The clitoris has many nerve endings and is the most sensitive part of the genital area. Embryologically, the clitoris is derived from the same tissue as the glans penis in a male. The labia minora form a fold of skin or hood over the clitoris. When a female is sexually aroused the clitoris becomes more exposed and firm.

18. Unit 1, Page 15 Female Reproductive Anatomy
Inside the labia minora there are two openings. The opening at the front is the urethral opening (the urethra - the small tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside). The other opening is the vaginal opening or introitus and leads to the vagina.

19. Unit 1, Page 16 Female Reproductive Anatomy
The hymen is a membrane that lines the vaginal opening. During puberty the vagina grows and the hymen may stretch and tear. It may also stretch and tear when a girl plays sport, masturbates or uses tampons. Even if it doesn’t tear before puberty small holes in the hymen allow the flow of menstrual blood.

20. Female Reproductive Anatomy Case Study 1
Melanie is aged 14 years and
in good health. She comes to
see her regular doctor.
Melanie is complaining of crampy lower abdominal pain that has been there over the last few months. Melanie has not yet gone through her menarche. On examination there is a bluish bulge at the introitus. What do you think is the problem?

21. Female Reproductive Anatomy Case Study 1
Very rarely, the hymen has no openings;
when the young woman starts her periods
the blood cannot escape; the blood backs
up into the vagina and uterus and the
young woman presents with lower
abdominal pain. Melanie has an imperforate hymen. This uncommon condition is easily treated by opening the hymen and allowing the blood to drain out.
When a woman has sexual intercourse for the first time the hymen may tear and even bleed a little and the woman may experience some pain.
The perineum is the area between the anus and the vulva. During childbirth the perineum stretches and in some cases an incision is made to help the delivery. This procedure is called an episiotomy and should only be performed to expedite a birth if the baby is at significant risk.

22. Unit 2 Cover
Unit 2:
Puberty

23. Unit 2, Page 1
Normal Pubertal Development

24. Unit 2, Page 2
Puberty Disorders

25. Unit 3 Cover
Unit 3:
Sexual Response

26. Unit 3, Page 1
Sexual Response Cycle

27. Understanding Gender Diversity, Sexual Identity & Sexual Orientation
Unit 4 Cover
Unit 4:
Understanding Gender Diversity, Sexual Identity & Sexual Orientation

28. Unit 4, Page 1
Gender Diversity

29. Unit 4, Page 2
Sex, Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation

30. Unit 4, Page 3
Homophobia

31. Further Resources & Recommended Readings
Readings Cover
Further Resources & Recommended Readings

32. Readings, Page 1
Readings