1. Week 2 – Structural Theories – consensus theory
Sociology
Week 2 – Structural Theories – consensus theory

2. Objectives for Week 2 Review key terms and concepts from week 1
Introduce structural theories – society as constraint
Consensus theory – culture and socialisation
Conflict theory – social control, power and constraint
Introduce Social Action theory

3. Review of Week 1 Answer the questions on the quiz sheet.
Class discussion of key concepts.

4. Sociological Perspectives
Sociology tells us:
There is no such thing as ‘human nature’.
We learn to become members of a particular society.
The most important forces involved in this learning process are social – not biological or instinctual.

5. Sociological Perspectives
Last week we discussed how sociology arose as a discipline and that it’s development has not been uniform, e.g. starting in France and Germany in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, developing in America in the twentieth century and only becoming established as an academic discipline in British Universities in the 1960s.

6. Sociological Perspectives
Similarly, there is no single sociological perspective but rather a variety of perspectives which share the emphasis of seeing social behaviour as the product of social forces, social arrangements and social conditions.
However, sociologists themselves disagree in how they explain society and social behaviour because they start with different ideas.

7. Structural theories – society as constraint
Structural sociology argues that:
We are born into a social world which is just as real in its consequences as the physical world
What we are as individuals is decided by the society and social groups we belong to
Because:
The social world directs our actions constraining us to act in specific ways
As a result of this:
Regularities and patterns can be observed in the behaviour of different individuals

8. What sort of things constrain our actions?
On my salary I can’t afford an Aston Martin DB Material Constraint
If I could afford one, in the UK I would have to drive on the left side of the road.
Why? – it is the legal rule in the UK
What if I decide to break the rule? – I can be prosecuted.
The rule is not part of my physical or material world but it constrains my actions very effectively.
A constraint of the world of ideas.

9. What sort of things constrain our actions?
If I could afford to buy a dozen Aston Martin DB9s I still might not do so.
Why?
I might believe it is wrong to buy a British sports car.
I would be constrained by my beliefs about what is right and what is wrong.
Where would these beliefs have come from?
I would have learnt them within the society and/or particular social group to which I belong.

10. Consensus Theory
The ways in which ideas and beliefs in societies / social groups constrain the behaviour of members is the main focus of consensus theory.
Culture and socialisation are the key concepts in consensus theory.

11. Culture
Learned behaviour in any given society will include the ideas and habits passed down from one generation to the next.
These ideas and habits and skills can be viewed as solutions to problems that others have encountered and, in the course of time, solved.
This learned behaviour of a society, or ‘social inheritance’, as Bilton et al (1989) describe it, is called culture.

12. Socialisation
The way in which we learn the what is considered acceptable in our society - that is, the process by which we acquire the culture of the society into which we were born is called socialisation.
Once individuals through socialisation have accepted the rules and expectations that make up the culture of their society they are said to have internalised society’s cultural rules.
Cinema & Lift

13. Agencies of socialisation
Sociologists argue that although we are all constantly learning about ways of thinking and behaving that are thought to be appropriate (or not) by those we come into contact with, it is possible to identify specific agencies of socialisation.
The family
Peer groups
Education system
Mass media
In your groups research the agency of socialisation allocated and prepare to feedback the main points to the rest of the class. Your feedback sessions should each take approx. 5 minutes