1. Year 9 November Exam Revision booklet
Content:
Revised:
Due in:
Legacy of the Ancients:
Medieval surgery and treatment:
How dangerous was surgery in the Middle Ages?
How did surgery progress through the Renaissance?
The Plague and Black Death.
16 marker exam question.
Top tips for exam questions card.
Name:
Class teacher:
To be completed by:
Use the information in this booklet AND your class notes to complete the tasks and revise for your exam! The last page has information to help you structure your answers – make sure you learn this!

2. Legacy of the Ancients. Who: Hippocrates Main discoveries:
Believed in a NATURAL CAUSE of disease, the THEORY OF THE FOUR HUMOURS
Wrote around 60 books about how to treat medicine and be a doctor.
Came up with the “clinical method”: DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, OBSERVATION, TREATMENT. This is still used today.
Came up with the Hippocratic Oath, something else that was still used today.
Who: Claudius Galen
Main Discoveries:
Believed in a NATURAL CAUSE of disease. Developed the THEORY OF OPPOSITES, based on Hippocrates’ Four Humours Theory.
Wrote many books on the subject.
Worked in ANATOMY. Studied bones in Alexandria and DISSECTED ANIMALS, like dogs and monkeys. This made many of his ideas wrong.
Discovered that the BRAIN CONTROLS THE BODY not the heart.
Why do they impact the Middle Ages?
Both the Theory of the Four Humours and the Theory of Opposites were used to diagnose patients
Used Hippocrates’ “clinical method”
Galen believed in one God which was supported by the Church as his ideas were similar to their own.
Galen’s books and findings were taught at CHURCH RUN UNIVERSITIES.
The Church did not allow anyone to complete any other dissections and to only use Galen’s teachings
Summary
Hippocrates created the Theory of the 4 Humours
Galen was used as a basis for all anatomy lessons.
The Church supported Galen’s ideas at the expense of the new.

3. Legacy of the Ancients:
use the information on the previous page to fill this in!
Who: Hippocrates
Main discoveries:
Believed in a of disease, the
Wrote around books about how to treat medicine and be a doctor.
Came up with the “ ”: D , P , OBSERVATION, T . This is still used today.
Came up with the , something else that was still used today.
Who: Claudius Galen
Main Discoveries:
Believed in a of disease. Developed the THEORY OF , based on Hippocrates’ Four Humours Theory.
Wrote many books on the subject.
Worked in . Studied bones in Alexandria and , like dogs and monkeys. This made many of his ideas wrong.
Discovered that the
Why do they impact the Middle Ages?

4. Medieval Treatments and Surgery
Summary
Surgery was dangerous and painful
There were five main types of healers
The Islamic Empire increased its knowledge
The Church played a vital role in Western medicine.
Dissection was not allowed.
Background
When the Romans left Britain in 450ad they took all of the knowledge that they had with them. This led to medicine going backwards as WARS prevented people from discovering knew ideas. The CHURCH played a vital role in bringing back knew ideas from the Islamic Empire, which had kept much more of the Roman ideas.
The Christian Church
Treated people with non-infectious diseases at HOSPITALS as part of their Christian duties.
They used a mix of herbs and prayer to cure patients
They did not understand about the need for hygiene so people shared beds.
Only 10% of hospitals treated the sick. The rest looked after the poor and needy.
They did NOT treat, pregnant women, the insane, wounds or infectious diseases.
Supported the work of Galen above all others
Banned dissection so knowledge of the anatomy was limited.
Healers
Healer
What they did and who they worked for
Physician/Doctor
University trained
Used Galen’s and Hippocrates’ ideas
Used mainly herbs
Were expensive so mainly treated the rich
Barber Surgeon
Trained with an apprenticeship
Cut hair and amputate infected limbs and warts.
Cheap so used by all
Wise Woman/Midwives
No formal training, learnt from mothers etc.
Cured using herbs etc.
Very cheap so everybody used them
Quack Doctor
No training
Created their own cures and sold these at fairs
Very cheap but unlikely to work.
Monks
Used cures they learnt from books
Mainly cured used herbs and prayer.
Treated all as part of their Christian duty.

5. Medieval Treatments: use the information on the previous page to fill this in.
Background
When the left Britain in 450ad they took all of the knowledge that they had with them. This led to medicine going backwards as WARS prevented people from discovering knew ideas. The CHURCH played a vital role in bringing back knew ideas from the Islamic Empire, which had kept much more of the Roman ideas.
The Christian Church
Treated people with non-infectious diseases at as part of their Christian duties.
They did not understand about the need for so people shared beds.
Only of hospitals treated the sick. The rest looked after the poor and needy.
They did NOT treat, pregnant women, the insane, wounds or infectious diseases.
Banned so knowledge of the anatomy was limited.
Healers
Healer
What they did and who they worked for
Physician/Doctor
Trained with an apprenticeship
Cut hair and amputate infected limbs and warts.
Cheap so used by all
No formal training, learnt from mothers etc.
Cured using herbs etc.
Very cheap so everybody used them
Quack Doctor
Used cures they learnt from books
Mainly cured used herbs and prayer.
Treated all as part of their Christian duty.

6. How did the factor of WAR aid surgical progress?
HOW DANGEROUS WAS SURGERY IN THE MIDDLE AGES?
PROBLEMS WITH SURGERY
Medieval surgery was very dangerous –there was no way of preventing _________, _____ ______ or _________. It was therefore only rarely attempted and for minor procedures.
There were a few university trained highly paid surgeons, but surgery on the whole was NOT respected.
Bloodletting was the most common treatment.
What?
Why?
How was it dangerous?
Who treated the sick?
B________ S__________
Q_________ D________
W______ W_________
M_________________ A__________________
Explain the following treatments and how they could be dangerous:
T__________
A__________
T_____ P______
C__________
R_____ C______
Key individuals:
CHALLENGE:
How did the factor of WAR aid surgical progress?
JOHN OF ARDERNE
HUGH OF LUCCA

7. HOW DID SURGERY PROGRESS THROUGH THE RENAISSANCE?
Believed surgery could only be successful if doctors had a proper understanding of anatomy.
Performed dissections on criminals who were executed.
Write books including accurate diagrams of his work – “Fabric of the Human Body” (1543) and “Six Anatomical Pictures” (1538)
His books were printed and distributed around Europe (inc. GB) – this shows the importance of the PRINTING PRESS.
He proved lots of Galen’s theories wrong (such as the lack of holes in the septum of the heart)
He encouraged others to question Galen, and look at anatomy – in the long term this was very significant.
VESALIUS
Born 1514
Medical professor at Padua in Italy
Harvey studied animals and humans. Found he could observe living animal hearts in action, and his findings would apply to humans.
BEFORE Harvey, people thought there were 2 kinds of blood, through 2 completely different kinds of blood vessels (this came from Galen.)
Harvey realised Galen was wrong – he realised there was too much blood for Galen’s theory, and thought that blood must circulate.
Harvey’s idea, shown in books, gave doctors a map of how the body worked and changed their understanding of anatomy.
Not everyone believed him – it was a long time before doctors used his ideas in their treatments. EG – people continued to use bloodletting even though Harvey proved this to be wrong!
HARVEY
Born 1578
A British doctor who studied at Padua, then worked in London at “Royal College of Physicians”
Became Royal Physician to James 1 and Charles 1.
As an army surgeon, Pare treated many serious injuries caused by war – his experience treating these wounds led him to develop improved surgical techniques.
BEFORE Pare, gunshot wounds often became infected. Drs didn’t know how to treat them – usually they would burn the wound with red-hot irons, or pour boiling oil into it.
PARE – once ran out of oil and resorted to a cool SALVE instead – these patients did better than the others.
PARE – invented LIGATURES to tie off blood vessels. Less painful so patients didn’t die of shock – did increase risk of infection.
PARE published his ideas, but his ideas were resisted by doctors who didn’t trust surgeons. When he became surgeon to King of France, then he was taken more seriously.
PARE
Born 1510
French barber-surgeon for a public hospital, then in the army.
While at anatomy school, was present at more than 2000 dissections, as this was now a popular method of teaching surgeons. He had an unrivalled understanding of the body.
He made several important discoveries about venereal diseases, a major cause of illness at this time.
He developed a new approach to treatment of gunshot wounds.
1785: during an operation he introduced a new way to treat an aneurysm in a man’s thigh. He tied off the blood vessel so blood would flow through other vessels – preventing amputation.
He encouraged others to learn as much about the body as possible to understand illness, experimenting, and testing treatments on animals first.
JOHN HUNTER
Studied at anatomy school in London.
Became an army surgeon in France and Portugal.
Popular teacher in England.

8. Bullet point your ideas below!
HOW DID SURGERY PROGRESS THROUGH THE RENAISSANCE?
Use the notes to discuss below what the major changes were, and how similar this was to before.
VESALIUS
HARVEY
PARE
JOHN HUNTER
How similar/different was surgery around John Hunter’s time to before the Renaissance?
Bullet point your ideas below!
Similar !
Different!

10. THE BLACK DEATH & THE PLAGUE
The BLACK DEATH occurred in MEDIEVAL times, and the PLAGUE occurred during the RENAISSANCE. They were different forms of the same disease. But how much had changed during this time.?
Sort these into: a) Black Death or Plague (or both)…. b) Cause or Treatment or REACTION
People had began to see the link between dirt and disease but couldn't explain it scientifically
The government ordered days of public prayer and fasting to beg for mercy
Victims were shut up in their houses with watchmen on guard to stop people from going in or out
Doctors followed their clients out of the countryside
The plague was caused by the planets
They understood that it was made worse by bad hygiene
Householders were ordered to sweep their streets in front of their doors - making the city cleaner
Don’t eat hot food!
Keeping victims away from other people would prevent it spreading
The Plague was carried through the air
The disease killed a lot of peasants so the landowning classes had to improve their wages and work conditions
The plague was contagious (could be passed on by touching and contact)
Praying to God could cure you
The government blamed minority groups such as the Jews
Bedding must be cleaned or destroyed
Avoiding washing would help stop.
Red crosses appeared on the doors of victims’ houses
Charms and superstition were used.
The plague was caused by the Four Humours
The plague was a punishment from God
Many still believed God had sent the plague as a punishment for their sins - government ordered for days of public prayer  and fasting so people would publicly confess their sins and beg God for mercy
Pigs, dogs, cats and other animals were ordered to be kept inside - this hindered the prevention of the plague as it was spread by rats and now there was nothing to kill them
When a person died 'women searchers' were sent to examine the body to check that the plague was the cause - surgeons would confirm their findings
more scientific approach to understanding the plague - weekly bills of mortality were kept and some observers linked dirt with disease as they saw that the highest number of deaths were from the poorest, dirtiest parishes with the worst housing

11. FACTORS THAT IMPACTED THE PROGRESS OF MEDICINE SINCE MEDIEVAL TIMES
WAR
Destroys the Roman public health systems
such as Aqueducts and baths and made communications difficult meaning that medical ideas were difficult to spread.
Improves surgery during the Renaissance
This is because it led to development of new techniques by Barbour surgeons and afforded them an opportunity to see inside the body because of wounds.
Improves medicines as physicians are forced to react to circumstance.
French doctor Pare, who produced an ointment of egg-yolk, rose oil and turpentine to treat infection and replaced the cautery iron with silk ligatures to tie up wounds
Nursing
1854 Crimean war: Florence Nightingale shows that clean hospitals reduce deaths
RELIGION
Monastic hospitals offer food, rest and very basic treatments in Medieval times.
During the Middle Ages, the Church ran universities to train physicians!
The Medieval Church supports ONLY the ideas of Galen, for 1500 years and won’t let them be questioned. This holds back medical progress and encourages the use of incorrect theories such as Theory of Opposites.
Islamic Church does not allow anything that goes against the Quran
Ban on dissection by both Christian and Islamic churches, meaning that understanding of how the body works did not progress!
PRAYER was promoted as a method in which to cure and prevent disease.
GOVERNMENT
INDIVIDUAL GENIUS
OTHER FACTORS YOU COULD CHOOSE.. Chance, science, Technology, communication

12. Exam Question:
Has war been the main factor in the development of medicine in Britain since medieval times?
Start with the factor named in the question.
Then write 2 more paragraphs about different factors.
Come to a conclusion. ‘compare and link factors’
Factors:
War
Science and technology
Individuals
Religion
Government
Complete the colour code on factors:
In the Medieval period monks and nuns treated the sick and started the first type of hospitals.
War was useful as it helped Barbour surgeons practice new techniques and improve amputation.
The Church was very powerful and banned dissection, this prevented surgeons and doctors learning about the anatomy.
War was useful, as Barbour surgeons saw more of the anatomy due to open wounds from gunshots and swords.
The government during the black death ordered the streets in London to be cleaned.
Monks and Nuns translated all medical textbooks such as the work by Galen and Hippocrates.
War helped Pare improve surgery by developing ligatures to replace the red hot cautery iron as a way to stop blood loss and seal wounds.
Scientific methods and developments allowed William Harvey to complete dissections on the heart to prove Galen wrong.
The Church ran universities to train doctors and teach them about the work of Galen and Hippocrates.
The new development of the Printing press helped Vesalius to spread his ideas on the anatomy through his book the Fabric of the Human Body.
Vesalius stole criminal bodies to dissect and performed dissections and got artists to draw detailed drawings. He proved Galen wrong about 200 ideas about the anatomy.
Pare when he ran out of boiling oil to treat gun shot wounds, used an old Roman ointment with egg yolks and rose oil. This was clever thinking and worked better than pouring boiling oil into wounds.
War in the Middle Ages was disruptive as it destroyed all the Public Health systems and Roman ideas and so lots of ancient ideas about medicine were lost.
The Church banned people from questioning Galen and locked Roger Bacon in prison, the power of religion however faded and by the Renaissance dissection was allowed.
KEY:
War
Science and technology
Individuals
Religion
Government

13. You have 50 minutes to complete this section.
Exam skills:
What will my paper look like?
How long do I spend on each question?
SPAG:
You need to use full stops, capitals, paragraph and use key terms for the 16 marker.
You have 50 minutes to complete this section.
Question Mark
Time for question
Total number of paragraphs: 8
10 minutes
2 paragraphs 16
20 minutes
4 paragraphs: Which means:
3 factors and a CONCLUSION.

14. How useful? – in terms of content and author and aim.
Become an exam expert!
Answer these questions using the info on the previous page:
How long is your exam?
How many questions are there?
How much do you write for an 8 marker?
How long do you spend on a 16 marker?
Which question do you get spag marks for?
Explain the significance…
Significance:
Does not mean importance it means IMPACT!
You need 2 paragraphs:
Then- what was the impact at the time!
Now- what has change- what is the impact since.
How useful? – in terms of content and author and aim.
Ask:
1. What d we know?
2. What does it say?
3. What can we infer from it- educated guess?
4. Why was it created?
5. What is it’s purpose?
Start with the factor named in the question.
Then write 2 more paragraphs about different factors.
Come to a conclusion. ‘compare and link factors’
Complete the ‘How To answer’
How Useful?
Explain the significance?
16 marker: FACTORS