1. Exploration

2. Cause and Effect Cause Effect The reason why something happens
Happens BEFORE an action or decision
Ex: The cause of failing my test was not studying.
The result of an action or decision
Happens AFTER an action or decision
Ex: The effect of failing my test was getting grounded by my parents.

3. CAUSE The reason why something happens
Happens BEFORE an action or decision
Ex: The cause of failing my test was not studying.

4. EFFECT The result of an action or decision
Happens AFTER an action or decision
Ex: The effect of failing my test was getting grounded by my parents.

5. I. Causes of Exploration
The Crusades- war between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land in the Middle East
Europeans were exposed to Asian goods
Trade began between Europe and Asia

6. b. The Black Plague 25 million Europeans died Peasants moved to cities
Cities grew became trading centers
People were exposed to goods and cultures from around the world

8. c. The Renaissance The “rebirth” of learning in Europe
Printing press allowed more books to be read by more people
People became more interested in the world outside of Europe

9. d. The Three Gs
Gold- countries could buy and sell gold, silver, slaves, and spices from distant lands
God- European countries wanted to spread Christianity
Glory- kings and queens wanted more power by claiming land and building empires

10. e. Better routes to Asia
Monarchs (kings and queens) wanted to find direct routes to Asia in order to get goods

11. f. Advanced technology
New technology, like the astrolabe, caravel, and compass, made exploration faster and easier.

12. II. Columbus Discovers America
Christopher Columbus wanted to find a western route to Asia and sailed across the Atlantic
1492- Columbus discovered the islands of the Bahamas and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti)

13. III. Effects of Columbus’ Discovery
a. More sailors from Europe sailed across the Atlantic to explore the Americas

14. .

15. b. Columbian Exchange i. Plants, animals, and diseases were exchanged between Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. 1. Many Native Americans died because their bodies were not immune to European diseases.

16. IV. Conquistadors a. Conquistador- Spanish word for “conqueror”
ii. Francisco Pizarro- conquered the Inca in Peru
i. Hernan Cortes- conquered the Aztec in Mexico/Central America

17. b. The Spanish were able to conquer the Native Americans because they had better weapons (guns), armor, horses, and diseases- NOT BECAUSE THEY HAD MORE PEOPLE. c. Many Native Americans were either murdered or forced into slavery.

22. Primary source- a document created at the time an event occurred (Ex: letter, diary, photograph, art, stamp, coin, clothing)
Secondary source- an account of past events created by people some time after the events happened (Ex: history books)

23. Social Studies textbook Biography about Abraham Lincoln
More Examples
Primary Source
Secondary Source
Map drawn by Columbus
Journal entry written by a WWII soldier
Speech written by Abraham Lincoln
Social Studies textbook
Biography about Abraham Lincoln

24. Martin Luther

25. Spanish Armada Defeated

26. V. The Race for Empires
European countries competed for power by gaining new colonies in the Americas
i. Colonies- land owned by a more powerful country for its resources

27. b. European countries wanted sailors to discover a Northwest Passage to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific i. No Northwest Passage was found, but sailors did discover new lands.

28. New Spain

29. New France

33. VI. The Need for New Labor
Many Native American slaves were dying from European diseases.
Africans had built an immunity to European diseases
Colonists started transporting slaves from Africa to North and South America.

34. VII. The Slave Trade
Most slaves were kidnapped in the interior of Africa.
i. Slaves would be chained around the neck and transported 1,000 miles to the Atlantic coast
b. The voyage that enslaved Africans took across the Atlantic Ocean was called the Middle Passage

39. c. Conditions on slave ships traveling on the Middle Passage
i) Slaves were packed in the lower decks of the ships
ii) Slaves were chained together
iii) Crammed into small spaces (18 inches)
iv) Diseases spread
v) Slaves died of suffocation and malnutrition
vi) Some slaves committed suicide
vii) One out of every six Africans died on the Middle Passage

40. VIII. Slave Treatment
a. Slaves were sent to Portuguese, Spanish, British, French, and Dutch colonies
Slaves were given few rights
Slaves were treated like property
Slave punishments included torture, beating, and sometimes murder for disobeying their masters
Some slaves were treated kindly (given food and clothing) while others were abused (whippings, brandings)