1. The Adams Administration
1796 election
XYZ Affair
Federalist Party splits
Alien and Sedition Acts
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
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Election of 1796
The first election with active political parties.
The Federalist candidate, John Adams, received the most votes in the Electoral College and became president. His vice presidential running mate, Thomas Pinckney, did not get as many votes as the Democrat-Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson, so Jefferson became vice president.
The 1796 and 1800 elections were the only two in history where the president and vice president were from different parties.
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3. President Adams and the XYZ Affair
France had attacked American merchant ships.
French agents (referred to as X, Y, and Z) demanded bribes of the American diplomats who went to France to negotiate an end to the ship seizure.
As a result, Congress:
Cut off trade with France
Canceled wartime treaties it had made with France
Authorized building warships
Allowed the U.S. navy to capture French vessels at sea
President Adams and the XYZ Affair
The XYZ Affair brought a general resentment of foreigners, which led to passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
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4. British cartoon from the time shows America being robbed by French leaders demanding bribes to open negotiations. In the background “John Bull,” symbol for Great Britain, watches from a hill.
America
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Bribe money, “diplomatic perquisites”

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Battles between French and American ships in the West Indies. The U.S. captured 85 French ships compared to one U.S. ship lost during the 2½ years of the Quasi-War with France.
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6. President Adams and the XYZ Affair
Alien Acts: three laws that allowed the president to order foreigners considered to be a threat to national security to be jailed or deported.
Targeted French and Irish refugees, most of whom supported the French
Increased the period of residency required for citizenship from 5 years to 14
Required foreigners to register with the government
Allowed the president to jail or expel any foreigner thought to be “dangerous to the peace and safety” of the country
President Adams and the XYZ Affair

7. John Adams as President Cont.
The Sedition Act outlawed any opposition to government policies by actions or by “false, scandalous, or malicious writing.”
Targeted the Democratic-Republicans, who historically supported the French
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1798 portrayal of a fight on the floor of Congress during the debates on the Alien and Sedition Acts between Representative Matthew Lyon of Vermont and Representative Roger Griswold of Connecticut. The fight started over an insulting reference to Lyon on Griswold's part. Griswold, armed with a cane, kicked Lyon, who grabbed the former's arm and raised a pair of fireplace tongs to strike him. Below are the verses: "He in a trice struck Lyon thrice / Upon his head, enrag'd sir, / Who seiz'd the tongs to ease his wrongs, / And Griswold thus engag'd, sir."
“Congressional Pugilists”
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9. President Adams and the XYZ Affair
Nine Democratic-Republican newspaper editors and a member of Congress were convicted under the Sedition Act.
Jefferson and Madison drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, where they argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.
They hoped states would nullify the laws.
Only Virginia and Kentucky passed the resolutions.
In the end, there was a deeper and more bitter political divide in Congress and the country.

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Jefferson
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Madison

11. The Jefferson Administration
Election of 1800
Jefferson’s philosophy of government
“Midnight Judges” and judicial review
Burr Conspiracy
Louisiana Purchase: Lewis and Clark
Foreign affairs
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1800 election results
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13. “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”
Many Federalists feared that Jefferson was a dangerous democratic radical who would undo the work of Washington and Adams.
In his inaugural address Jefferson said that all Americans had equal rights and he would work to unite the country.
“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”
1801 Federalist political cartoon showing Jefferson and the devil pulling down the good work of presidents Washington and Adams
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14. Judicial Review is established.
Marbury vs. Madison
Judicial Review is established.
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15. First Supreme Court Building, Philadelphia
William Marbury
First Supreme Court Building, Philadelphia
Chief Justice John Marshall
James Madison
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16. Adams appoints new judges…
John Adams signs appointments on his last night in office.
Thomas Jefferson is to take over as President.
What political party do you think the judges Adams appointed belonged to? Why did he do this?
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“Midnight judges”- was the satirical name given to these judges.
William Marbury was one of these so-called “Midnight Judges.”
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18. How does James Madison play into all of this?
James Madison, Jefferson’s new Secretary of State, was supposed to officially present Marbury with his new position…
But he didn’t!
So… Marbury sued and appealed to the Supreme Court to get Madison to award him the position…
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The Verdict.
Supreme Court refuses to grant Marbury his position!!
Why?
A section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 (which set up the federal court system in the first place) was unconstitutional and void.
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Lasting Impact…
This is the first time the Supreme Court overturns an act of Congress.
In other words, declares an act of Congress “unconstitutional.”
Checks & balances in action!
Judicial Review- Supreme Court’s ability to declare a law or act unconstitutional
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