1. The Greek City-State
4-2

2. Polis Polis – Greek city-state
Acropolis – fortified area on top of a hill, used for meetings
Fortress and religious center
Agora – Below an Acropolis
Open area that served both as an assembly place and market
Adult Males
Political rights (vote, hold office)
Serve in the Military
Adult women, children & noncitizens
No political rights

4. Military Nobles on horseback Hoplites Phalanx
Heavily armed foot soldiers equipped with a round shield, short sword, thrusting spear (9 feet long)
Phalanx
Marching soldier to shoulder in rectangular formation
Created a wall of shields to protect the hoplites

5. Greek Expansion Reasons:
Overpopulation at home, desire for good farmland, growth of trade
Each Greek colony became a new polis, independent of the polis that had founded it
S. Italy, S. France, E. Spain, N. Africa, West of Egypt, Thrace, shores of the Black Sea, Hellensport, Bosporus straits (Byzantium, later Constantinople, now Istanbul)
Trading
Pottery wine, olive oil
Grains, metals (W), Fish timber, wheat, metals and slaves form the black sea region

7. Tyranny in the City-States
Tyrants
Rulers who seized power by force from the aristocrats
Supported by the newly rich and peasants (who owed aristocrats money)
Help poor and launch public works
Increased popularity
By 6th Century – Fallen out of favor
Rule of Law, and tyranny was an insult to that idea
Led to democracy – gov by the people or rule of the many

8. Sparta Sparta needed land
Conquered neighboring Laconians
Messenia 730 BC
Herlots - a captive person who was forced to work for the conqueror
To keep them in line, created a military state
Children are taught military discipline
Military service at age 20
Live in barracks until 30
After 30, could vote, live at home, but stayed in army till 60

9. Sparta Women lived at home Oligarchy headed by 2 kings Ephors
Greater freedom
Expected their husbands and sons to be brave in war
Oligarchy headed by 2 kings
Ephors
A group of five men, were elected each year and were responsible for the education of youth and the conduct of all citizens
A council of elders, composed of the two kings and 28 citizens over the age of 60, decided on the issues that would be presented to an assembly made of male citizens. This assembly did not debate; it only voted on the issues.

10. Sparta
Foreigners were discouraged from visiting, except for military reasons
Spartans were not allowed to travel abroad
Might encounter ideas dangerous to the stability of the state
Discouraged from studying philosophy, literature or the arts
Art of war was the Spartan ideal

11. Athens Early Athens ruled by king
Oligarchy under the control of the Aristocrats
Owned the best land and controlled political life
Was an assembly but had little power
Verge of Civil War
Draco, a politician added harsh penalties to the laws
Many farmers sold into slavery because of debts
Solon, reform-minded aristocrat
Cancelled land debts, freed people fallen into slavery
Would not give land to the poor

12. Athens Peisistratus, aristocrat
560 BC seized power from Solon
Aided Athenian trade to please merchants
Gave aristocrats’ land to peasants
Athenians rebelled against Peisistratus’s son in 540 BC

13. Athens Cleisthenes 512BC took over
New council of 500 that supervised foreign affairs, oversaw the treasury, and proposed the laws that would be voted on by the assembly
The Athenian assembly, composed of male citizens, was given final authority to pass laws after free and open debate.

14. Homework
4-2 Review; Page 84 Q. 1-5