1. Public Policy Process: Policy formulation and implementation approaches
Ghanashyam Bhattarai

2. Policy Formulation
A public Policy is generally formulated through political channels by policy making organizations; interest groups, government offices, legislatures, executives and judiciaries through notices, directives, regulations, executive orders, Laws, ordinances and decrees and administrative and court decisions 2

3. Public Policy Formulation
a decision making process and involves identification and analysis of a range of actions in response to the public concerns 3

4. Steps in Public Policy Formulation
Identification/ Preparation: Knowing issue
Planning: resources, time, logistics
Contact: stakeholders, opinion leaders
Knowing Pulse: Affected communities
Positivism in attitude: Emphasis on deliveries
Participation: Involve as many people possible
Publicity: Sharing through media
Persistence: Continuity in efforts 4

5. Public Policy Formulation
Government of Nepal had a policy on rural water supply services that the household water demand for the rural population would be 45 lpcd and water is delivered in public stand posts for 5 households at a distance not more than 150 m horizontal and 50 m vertical distance. 5

6. Public Policy Implementation
Involve all activities designed to carry out the policies enacted
These activities may include
creation of new organizations,
departments agencies,
bureaus or
assignments of new responsibilities to existing organizations 6

7. Elements of Public Policy Implementation
Organization (no an institution)
Interpretation
Application
Coordination of resources to achieve intended goals 7

8. Policy Implementation Steps
Study of the requirements
Taking risk assessment into account
Optimizing and aligning document(s)
Structuring document
Writing document
Getting document approved
Training and awareness of employees 8

9. Approaches to Public Policy Implementation
Top to Bottom Approach
Bottom up Approach
Managerial Approach
Principal Agent Approach 9

10. Approaches to ……. Top to Bottom Approach
Adapts prospective of higher level officials
Only for single dominant policy or agency
Change as they are being implemented 10

11. Approaches to ……. Bottom up Approach Difficult to evaluate
Difficult to separate the influence of individuals and levels of government 11

12. Approaches to ……. Managerial Approach Driven by market
Decentralized process
Paradigm shift from hierarchy to participation and teamwork 12

13. Approaches to ……. Principal Agent Approach Driven by market
Decentralized process
Paradigm shift from hierarchy to participation and teamwork 13

14. Factors Affecting Policy Implementation
Media
Politics
Economy
Environment 14

15. Conditions for successful Implementation of Policy
Contains Unambiguous directives and structures
Leaders possess substantial managerial and political skills and professional knowledge
Supported by organized constituency groups, legislatures and judiciary
Relative priority of statuary objectives is not undermined 15

16. Problems in Policy Implementation
Lack of staff
Lack of resources
Gigantic targets
Lack of higher level support
Shortage of time
Lack of will and accountability
Corruption and vested interest
Lack of team spirit 16

17. Thank You