1. Chipewyan or Denesuline People

3. Chipewyan Traditional Life Historical experience Contemporary challenges

5. Manitoba Nadene matrilineal pemmican Churchill
Names and Terms
Manitoba Nadene matrilineal pemmican Churchill
residential schools sportfishing reciprocal Snowdrift Hudson Bay Company

7. Athapaskan speakers (Nadene); connections to Cree and Metis
Traditional Life
live in subarctic regions of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest territories
Athapaskan speakers (Nadene); connections to Cree and Metis
barren-ground caribou hunters and fishers; travel on waterways in skin canoes; use of dogs; trapping
shamans and non-coercive leaders lead band-level society; individualism and flexibility; matrilineal
caribous skinned capes and mittens; teepee lodgings; copper and antler tools; snowshoes; pemmican

9. Historical experiences
Hudson Bay company established Churchill post in 1717; tensions between Cree (S) and Inuit (N); fur trapper competition brought unrest before 1880; trading chiefs emerged;
Epidemics of diseases decimated populations in late 1800s
Catholic missionaries converted most of the population by 1920
residential schools and policies of assimilation; abandoned traditional hunting economy by 1940
self-determination revived in 1980s to today

11. Contemporary challenges
1960 onward, settlements made = Snowdrift; mining and sportfishing guides
dependence on store-bought goods and government support; cabins and aluminum outboard boats; reciprocal borrowing
pursuing land claims and self-government agreements; extensive government economic aid; reviving traditional hunting and trapping