1. Mutation: any change in the DNA of an organism.

2. Mutation: any change in the DNA of an organism.
What determines if a mutation is helpful?

3. Mutation’s
A mutation is helpful if it gives the organism an advantage over ones without the mutation.

4. Truths about mutations:

5. Truths about mutations:
Most mutations are minor.

6. Truths about mutations:
Most mutations are minor.
Many mutations are harmful.

7. Truths about mutations:
Most mutations are minor.
Many mutations are harmful.
Some mutations are lethal.

8. Truths about mutations:
Most mutations are minor.
Many mutations are harmful.
Some mutations are lethal.
Very few mutations are helpful.

9. Truths about mutations:
Most mutations are minor.
Many mutations are harmful.
Some mutations are lethal.
Very few mutations are helpful.
Mutations effect protein synthesis

11. Genetic mutations

12. Here is a good mutation!
You are many good mutations!

13. Comparing bones.

14. Types of mutations:
By cell type:

15. Types of mutations: By cell type:
Germ mutation - occur in gametes (reproductive cells).

16. Types of mutations: By cell type:
Germ mutation - occur in gametes (reproductive cells).
Germ mutations occur only in the sex cells.

17. Types of mutations: By cell type:
Germ Cell mutation - occur in gametes (reproductive cells).
Germ mutations occur only in the sex cells.
These mutations are more threatening because they can be passed to offspring (forever).

18. Types of mutations:
By cell type:
Somatic cell mutation

19. Types of mutations: By cell type: Somatic cell mutations
Some people may have mutations in their skin cells or hair.

20. Types of mutations: By cell type: Somatic cell mutations
Some people may have mutations in their skin cells or hair.
Such mutations are termed Somatic

22. Types of mutations:
By amount of nuclear material:

23. Types of mutations: By amount of nuclear material:
Chromosome mutations:

24. Types of mutations: By amount of nuclear material:
Chromosome mutations:
Deletion - a piece of a chromosome breaks off and is lost.

25. Types of mutations: By amount of nuclear material:
Chromosome mutations:
Deletion - a piece of a chromosome breaks off and is lost.
Inversion - a piece of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches itself in reverse order.

26. Types of mutations: By amount of nuclear material:
Chromosome mutations:
Deletion - a piece of a chromosome breaks off and is lost.
Inversion - a piece of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches itself in reverse order.
Translocation - a broken piece attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome.

27. Inversion - a piece of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches itself in reverse order.

28. Translocation - a broken piece attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome.

29. Types of mutations: By amount of nuclear material:
Chromosome mutations:
Deletion - a piece of a chromosome breaks off and is lost.
Inversion - a piece of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches itself in reverse order.
Translocation - a broken piece attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome.
Nondisjunction - a pair of chromosomes fail to separate during cell division.

30. Types of mutations: Chromosome mutations: Down's syndrome
A genetic defect caused by having one extra chromosome (3x21 chromosomes) in the carrier.
Sufferers express characteristics such as heart defects, mental retardation and stunted growth.

31. Chromosome mutations

33. A Nenana hunter discovered this two-headed fetus in a cow moose he shot. It has been frozen pending a detailed biological study. (Courtesy of Jack Irwin) Published: February 23, 2002 ADN

34. By amount of nuclear material:
Gene mutations:

35. By amount of nuclear material:
Gene mutations:
Point mutation - a change in a single nitrogen base in DNA.

36. By amount of nuclear material:
Gene mutations:
Point mutation - a change in a single nitrogen base in DNA.
Frame-shift mutation - the addition or deletion of a nitrogen base, causing the gene sequence to read out of sequence.

37. Mutagen: anything that causes a mutation.
Some well known environmental examples:

38. Mutagen: anything that causes a mutation.
Some well known environmental examples:
Ultraviolet radiation

39. Mutagen: anything that causes a mutation.
Some well known environmental examples:
Ultraviolet radiation
Tars from tobacco

40. Mutagen: anything that causes a mutation.
Some well known environmental examples:
Ultraviolet radiation
Tars from tobacco
Asbestos

41. Big-Bottomed Sheep Have A Rare Genetic Mutation That Builds Muscle, Not Fat