1. Nucleic Acids

2. Proteins of today exist because of the structure and activities of various nucleic acids

3. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA
DNAs or deoxyribonucleic acids are giant polymers that carry the instructions for making proteins
RNAs or ribonucleic acids are smaller polymers that interpret and carry out the instructions coded in the DNAs.

4. DNA with RNA

5. DNA and RNA
DNA is a double helix (double stranded) and RNA is a single helix (single stranded)

6. DNA and RNA…see the differences?

7. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids..
Made of nucleotides……….

8. Nucleic acids….
are formed from monomers (small units) called nucleotides
Each nucleotide consists of
One sugar
One phosphate group
One nitrogenous base

9. Nucleotide….

10. DNA and RNA nucleotides….

11. Note the differences between these two pentose monosaccharides.
DNA has the sugar called deoxyribose
RNA has the sugar called ribose
????What would be the formula for ribose and dexoxyribose???

12. Formulae for deoxyribose and ribose (pentose monosaccharides)
Deoxyribose C5H10O4
Ribose C5H10O5

13. Nucleotide….
One of the nucleotides is called
Adenine nucleotide…..

14. Adenine nucleotide…..
Check out the adenine (the base), the sugar (ribose) and the phosphate…………

15. Check out the nucleotide called..
Cytosine nucleotide….check out the sugar (ribose), base (cytosine) and the phosphate that makes up this nucleotide

16. Guanine nucleotide
Notice the sugar (ribose), phosphate group and the nitrinogenous base.

17. Check out the guanine nucleotide that is found in DNA…
Check out the guanine nucleotide that is found in DNA…..it has deoxyribose not the ribose sugar… …the first one is the one if RNA and the second one is the one in DNA

19. DNAs is a polymer of nucleotides
Each DNA nucleotide has
One sugar (monosaccharide) called deoxyribose ( pentose sugar)
One phosphate group
One of the following nitrogenous bases with DNA
Adenine (A) or Cytosine (C) or Guanine (G)
Or Thymine (T)

20. DNA has this monosaccharide
Deoxyribose (C5H10O4)

21. DNA bases…check it out…

22. RNAs is a polymer of nucleotides
Each RNA nucleotide has
One sugar (monosaccharide) called ribose ( a pentose sugar)
One phosphate group
One of the following nitrogenous bases
Adenine (A) or Cytosine (C) or Guanine (G)
Or Uracil (U)

23. RNAs monosaccharide is ribose
C5H10O5

24. RNA bases are …..

25. ALL Bases are either purines or pyrimidines (AG is pure and TCU is Py)

26. To help remember which bases are purines or pyrimidines….
(AG is pure and TCU is Py)
(AG is pure as in agriculture is pure
and TCU is Py as in TCU place is like a pie) Is that “really stretching it???”

27. Nitrogenous bases of DNA/RNA A,T,C,G for DNA and A,U**,C,G for RNA

28. For DNA…purines attach to pyrimidines with weak hydrogen bonds

29. Complementary base pairing in DNA…

31. It is called “complementary base pairing”

32. In DNA
Adenine nucleotide (purine) pairs with thymine nucleotide (pyrimidine) with two hydrogen bonds (weak bonds)
Cytosine nucleotide (pyrimidine) pairs with guanine nucleotide (purine) with three hydrgoen bonds (weak bonds)

33. RNAs and DNAs nitrogenous bases

34. So…to review…. So what is difference between RNA and DNA?
1. their sugar……

35. So what was the difference?

36. 2. What about their number of strands…..???
DNA is double helixed and RNA is single helixed…..

37. DNA and RNA

38. 3. What are the bases found in DNA and RNA?

39. Differences… DNA has A, T, C and G
RNA has Uracil instead of the T (thymine)

40. Would you be able to recognize what type of nuc

41. RNAs nucleotides

42. DNA double helix

43. RNA single helix

44. Comparision of DNA and RNA

45. Nucleotides and nucleosides
Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA.
In addition, nucleotides play central roles in metabolism. In that capacity, they serve as sources of chemical energy (adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).

46. A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrogenous base), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2'-deoxyribose), and one to three phosphate groups.

47. Nucleotides are “more” than nucleosides….

48. Where as nucleosides are….
Nucleosides are glycosylamines consisting of a nucleobase (often referred to simply base) bound to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar.

49. Nucleosides…no phosphates…

51. In medicine several nucleosides are used as antiviral or anticancer agents. The viral polymerase incorporates these compounds and activated in the cells by being converted into nucleotides.
They are administered as nucleosides since charged nucleotides cannot easily cross cell membranes.
In molecular biology several analogues of the sugar back bone exist. Due to the low stability of RNA, which is prone to hydrolysis, several more stable alternative nucleosides/nucleotides are used which correctly bind to RNA. This is achieved by using a different backbone sugar.

52. Adenosine nucleotide and energy metabolism
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the universal unit of energy used in all living cells. This molecule is produced and broken down in metabolic processes in all living systems.

53. ATP

54. ATP……

55. ATP adenosine tri or di or monophosphate
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) consists of an adenine ring (the base), ribose (the sugar) and one phosphate group.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) has the same base and sugar, but two phosphate groups.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is composed of the same base and sugar, but three phosphate groups.

56. Known as the ‘energy currency of life,’ ATP can store and transport the energy we need to do just about everything that we do. Essentially all metabolic functions of living cells require energy for operation and obtain it directly from stored ATP.

57. ATP and ADP and AMP

58. What is ATP made of?
ATP is a type of organic molecule CALLED AN NUCLEOTIDES
Nucleotides are basically made of three things:
(sugar, phosphate group and base)
The portion of the nucleotide molecule that doesn't include the phosphate group is called a nucleoside.
Adenosine Phosphates
These nucleotides can have different numbers of phosphate groups associated with the molecule, and the specific name of the nucleotide reflects its number of phosphate groups:

59. Why Are the Phosphate Groups Important?
These molecules can transport energy because phosphate bonds contain a lot of potential energy, which is released when they are broken.
Energy is stored in the covalent bonds between phosphates, with the greatest amount of energy (~ 7 kcal/mole) in the bond between the second and third phosphate groups, known as a pyrophosphate bond.