1. ADESUNMBO ADEYEMI FATIMA ABDULLAH FRANCIS EZENAGU DAMILOLA ADEAGBO
GROUP THREE (3)
ADESUNMBO ADEYEMI
FATIMA ABDULLAH
FRANCIS EZENAGU
DAMILOLA ADEAGBO
Acknowledgment to Dr Kathryn King

2. Do you know UK is the third laziest country in Europe? (NHS, 2012)

3. Aims
To have an overview of physical activity and recommended guidelines.
Convey the impact of physical activity for widespread disease prevention and treatment
To critique government approach on physical activity
Application of theories on healthcare practices
To give recommendation for future practice

4. What is Physical Activity
Physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure (WHO, 2015)
It is any bodily movement that generates energy and raises the heart rate (PHE, 2014)

5. DO YOU KNOW…..
Insufficient physical activity is the fourth leading risk factor of global mortality (WHO, 2015)
Physical inactivity coupled with poor dietary habits has led to significant increases in the number of children with Type II diabetes and predisposition to hypertension, coronary artery disease and others (PHE, 2011)
According to Public Health England(2014), UK has the highest proportion of Physical Inactivity of 70%.
Around 1 in 2 women and a third of all men in England are damaging their health through a lack of physical activity(PHE, 2014).
Lack of physical activity has a direct cost of £1.06 billion to the National Health Service in the UK yearly(Allender et al, 2007)

6. How Inactive is England?
Source: Public Health England (2014)

7. Reason for Physical Inactivity
Fear of violence and crime in outdoor areas
high-density traffic
Low air quality, pollution
Lack of parks, sidewalks and sports/recreation facilities.
(CDC, 2011)

8. Benefits of Physical Activity
It lowers the rates of all-cause mortality in non communicable diseases(WHO, 2015)
It increases muscle and bone strength, increases lean muscle mass and helps decrease body fat (Kumar, 2015)
It reduces crime and anti-social behaviour such as terrorism (PHE, 2014).
It reduces anxiety sensitivity, a precursor of panic attacks and disorder (Kumar, 2015).
It increases ones independent living ability (PHE, 2014).

9. Public Health England Actions
Change4life (2009)
Be Active Be Healthy (2009)
Start active, Stay active (2011)
Responsibility deals (2011)
Moving more, Living more (2012)
Everybody active, every day (2014)
These strategies has been set for every individual in the community to participate on physical activity, however, responsibility deals is a pledge made by organisations and stakeholders to improve physical activities through work place

10. How much and how hard?
UK Guidelines on physical activity for infants, toddlers and children?
EARLY YEARS < 5
Not yet walking - Encourage active floor and water-based activities
Walking - Active at least 180mins/day
Limit time restrained/sitting in front of screen
CHILDREN AGED 5-18
Moderate/Vigorous activity AT LEAST 60mins/day
Vigorous at least 3 times/week (including muscle/bone strengthening)
Limit sedentary behaviour/ screen time
These UK recommended guidelines is aimed at maintaining good health and minimizing sedentary lifestyle which cuts across a life course. Moderate physical activities would cause children to breath much harder, get warm and make their hearts beats faster. Also, reducing time spent watching television, computer, playing video games and substitution a long bus or car journey for walking. Active children gain the benefits of improved heart condition, sustain a healthy weight, improves and develop skeletal system , boost self-confidence and development of new social skills.

11. UK Guidelines on physical activity for adults and older adults
150 minutes of moderate intensity activity in bouts of at least 10 minutes/week
Or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity activity
Or a combination of both
Muscle-strengthening at least 2 days
Limit time sitting for extended periods
For older adults (65+) - Balance and co-ordination activities at least 2 days/week
Department of health,2011

12. Criticism on the Recommended Government Guidelines
Liberating the NHS; No decision about me, without me: Despite the government guideline on physical activity, individual has the right to make informed choices and adopt a healthy life style (DH, 2012).

13. Theory/Model Application
Wider determinant of health model(Dahlgren and Whitehead, 1991)
Life course theory (Elder, 1998)
Theory of Planned Behaviour. (Ajzen, 1985).
Health belief model (Rosenstock, Strecher and Becker 1988)
Trans-theoretical Model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1992)
Wider Determinant of Health Model – explains that the environment in which one lives, grows, work and ages has an impact to the participation to physical activity (Dahlgren and Whitehaed, 1991)
Life course Theory - explains that, an individual will engage in physical activity depending on childhood experiences which also determines future events and behaviours. It may be as a result of the geographical location, timing of individual, heterogeneity, families ties and life experience (Elder, 1998).
Theory of planned behaviour - An individual will engage in physical activity either as a result of its consequence, significance others and the ease or difficulty in participating.
Health Belief Model - suggest that an individual will participate in physical activity if they perceive a threat to health (Perceived susceptibility), complications to health (perceived severity), personal gain (perceived benefits)and believe that the cost of action overweighs the benefits(perceived barrier (Becker and Rosenstock, 1966).
Trans-theoretical Model – Asses an individual intension and readiness to participate in physical activity and provides strategies of changes to guide the individual through the stages of change to action and maintenance.

14. Implication to Nursing
Compassion in Practice, the 6Cs: It is important as nurses to educate patients on the importance of engaging in physical activity and doing so, she should employ compassion in practice-6Cs to motivate patients (Nelson et al, 2013).
Making Every Contact Count: Nurses have the power to make behavioural change and improve lifestyles in people by ensuring right information is passed at every contact  (DH, 2014).

15. Conclusion
Conclusively, Physical inactivity as the fourth leading risk factor of global mortality and the need for improvement and reduction of sedentary lifestyle cannot be over emphasized. The UK government has laid down vital strategies and guidelines to tackle this burden, although slow (PHE, 2014). Hence, for successful achievement of the set goal, an evidenced based approach must be used(Adrianne, Hardman and David, 2003). Finally, health care professionals and volunteers need more information about the ways physical activity can increase independence autonomy for the community(PHE, 2015).

16. Recommendation
The government should develop a valid, reliable and sensitive tool to measure physical activity in children and older people (NICE, 2009).
Child Care Regulatory Agency should request child care providers and educator to inculcate physical activities in their curriculum (IOM, 2015).
Create more awareness on the recommended guidelines and strategies of physical activity(Carroll et al, 2012))
Provision of cost effective and convenient sport activities for healthcare practitioners (Bakhshi et al, 2015)

17. Reference
Adrianne E. Hardman and David J. Stensel. Physical Activity and Health: The Evidence Explained. London: Routledge £ (paperback). pp ISBN BJN, 92(01), p.185.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), pp
Allender, S., Foster, C., Scarborough, P. and Rayner, M. (2007). The burden of physical activity-related ill health in the UK. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 61(4), pp
Bakhshi, S., Sun, F., Murrells, T. and While, A. (2015). Nurses' health behaviours and physical activity-related health-promotion practices. British Journal of Community Nursing, 20(6), pp

18. Carroll, J. , Fiscella, K. , Epstein, R. , Sanders, M. and Williams, G
Carroll, J., Fiscella, K., Epstein, R., Sanders, M. and Williams, G. (2012). A 5A's communication intervention to promote physical activity in underserved populations. BMC Health Services Research, 12(1), p.374.
Coulter, A. and Collins, A. (2015). MAKING SHARED DECISION-MAKING A REALITY No decision about me, without me. [online] Available at: making-a-reality-paper-Angela-Coulter-Alf-Collins-July-2011_0.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2015].
Cummins, J. and Bennett, V. (2015). Compassion in practice: Nursing, Midwifery and care staff, Our vision and strategy. [online] NHS Commissioning Board. Available at: content/uploads/2012/12/compassion-in-practice.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2015].

19. DH, (2009). Be Active, Be Healthy. A plan for getting the nation moving.. [online] Available at: today.co.uk/doclibrary/documents/pdf/151_be_active_be_health.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2015].
DH, (2011). Start active, stay active; A report on physical activity on health from the four home countries. [online] Available at: [Accessed 30 Nov ].
Elder, G. (1998). The Life Course as Developmental Theory. Child Development, 69(1), pp.1-12.
Iom.nationalacademies.org, (2015). Recommendations - Institute of Medicine. [online] Available at: Childhood-Obesity-Prevention-Policies/Recommendations [Accessed 30 Nov ].
Kawachi, I. (2002). A glossary for health inequalities. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 56(9), pp

20. DH, (2011). Start active, stay active; A report on physical activity on health from the four home countries. [online] Available at: [Accessed 30 Nov. 2015].
Iom.nationalacademies.org, (2015). Recommendations - Institute of Medicine. [online] Available at: Childhood-Obesity-Prevention-Policies/Recommendations [Accessed 30 Nov ].
Nelson, A., de Normanville, C., Payne, K. and Kelly, M. (2013). Making Every Contact Count: an evaluation. Public Health, 127(7), pp
NHS, (2012). Lack of exercise as 'deadly' as smoking. [online] Health News - NHS Choices. Available at: pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2015].

21. NICE, (2009). Physical activity for children and young people | 5-Recommendations- for-research | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. [online] Nice.org.uk. Available at: [Accessed 30 Nov. 2015].
PHE, (2014). Everybody Active Every Day. [online] Available at: verybody_Active__Every_Day_evidence_based_approach_CONSULTATION_VERSI ON.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2015].
Rosenstock, I., Strecher, V. and Becker, M. (1988). Social Learning Theory and the Health Belief Model. Health Education & Behavior, 15(2), pp
WHO, (2015). Who.int | Physical activity. [online] Available at: [Accessed 19 Nov ]

22. Thanks for Listening
Any Questions?