1. Construction Technology

2. Substructure Insulation DPC Floor Screed Insulation Block work
DPM
Block work
Sand Blinding
Ground Level
Strip foundation
Trench block
Cavity fill
Brick work
Concrete
Hardcore
Metal reinforcement bar

3. Substructure- What can you remember?!

4. Now sketch and annotate a cross section through a substructure

5. Foundations There are 3 main types of foundation: Strip- Deep Strip-
Function:
to safely transmit the loads of the building to the soil,
to support the loads of the building for it’s lifespan.
There are 3 main types of foundation:
Strip-
Deep Strip-
Raft -

6. Strip- Strip Foundations Advantages: Cheap Brick laying needed
Key points to remember:
Advantages:
Cheap
Brick laying needed
Disadvantages:
Takes longer
Dangerous as banks could collapse
Will need trench support
Wide but not deep

7. Deep strip Foundations
Deep Strip/ Trench fill-
Key points to remember:
Advantages:
Quicker
Less chance of bank collapsing
Disadvantages:
Expensive
No brick and block laying needed
Very deep- lots of concrete required

8. Raft Foundations Raft: Key points to remember: Advantages:
Ideal for different strength soil
Disadvantages:
Expensive to build
Can crack at weak point
Different thickness of concrete

9. SUPERSTRUCTURES- Roofs Walls Floors Super structures
Provide protection from the weather
Adds strength and supports the walls of the structure
Roofs
Walls
Super structures
Floors
Provide protection from the weather
Supports the roof and adds stability to the floors
Provides support and stability the walls of the structure
Supports dead and live loads of a building
THEY ALL WORK TOGETHER TO SUPPORT AND STRENGTHEN THE STRUCTURE

10. Walls OR Most external walls are built using – Bricks and blocks
This is rendered blockwork
Bricks and blocks OR
Name 2 different types of external walls?
Discuss the pictures and the different elements of the construction.
Timber frames

11. Types of cavity wall Clear cavity Partial fill Fully fill
Name 3 types of cavity construction?
Discuss the different types.

12. Why use Cavity construction?
Filled Cavity
Partial Filled Cavity
Clear Cavity
Good as it has a cavity to reduce mortar bridging and damp transfer
Bad takes longer as have to clean snots off blockwork
Good clear cavity so reduced chance of mortar bridging and damp transfer
Bad as no insulation so house loses heat
Good for insulation keeps house warmer
Bad for mortar bridging and damp transfer
What do cavities help to do?
How are the 2 skins connected?
What helps to prevent moisture from entering the property from the ground?

13. Cavity Walls
Please draw a partial fill cavity wall and label the components using correct architectural symbols.

14. SIP’s - Structural Insulated Panels
These can be used as an alternative to brick and block walls
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Light so less concrete required in foundations
They come pre-insulated so less time wasted on fitting insulation after
Faster to build so therefore cheaper
Made from wood so will rot over time
Will need to apply a finish e.g render
They are expensive

15. Floors
Ground Floors
A ground floor is the floor of the lowest level of a building. Ground floors can be either solid or suspended.
There are 2 types:
Solid
Suspended

16. Solid Floor Solid Floor
A solid floor bears directly onto the ground from which it gains its support. It is usually made of solid concrete.
Advantages:
Cheap
No need for heavy machinery
Disadvantages:
Takes longer
Damp penetration more likely

17. Suspended Floor
 Suspended Floor:
A suspended floor is one that is suspended above the ground. It rests on beams spanning between supporting walls.
Block and beam floors are commonly used for this type of floor.
Advantages:
Quick to construct
Can be laid in any weather
Reduces the load to the foundation
Disadvantages:
More expensive
Requires machinery to lift heavy beams

18. Types of suspended floors
Advantages: Light, easy to work with, cheap
Disadvantages: Not as strong, takes longer to build
Timber joists
Advantages: Quick to lay in any weather, extremely strong, less foundations required
Disadvantages: Expensive, requires a crane to lift them.
Pre-cast concrete
Advantages: Quick to lay in any weather, extremely strong, less foundations required
Disadvantages: Requires a crane to lift and a person to lay blocks
Block & beam
Name 3 different types of floors?
What is the difference between widespan concrete floors and beam & block floors?

19. Roofs Roof Structure Components of a roof
Roofs are designed and constructed to be able to support their own weight as well as resist loads such as wind and snow.
Main functions of a roof:
Discharge rainfall away from building
Make the building waterproof
Look nice
Provide extra space for a room or storage

20. Pitched Roof Pitched roof Advantages: Better water run off Looks nice
There are 2 main types of roof:
Pitched roof
Advantages:
Better water run off
Looks nice
Storage space
Disadvantages:
Hard to access and maintain
Expensive to build
Takes longer to build

21. Flat Roof Flat roof Advantages: Easy to access and maintain
There are 2 main types of roof:
Flat roof
Advantages:
Easy to access and maintain
Cheap to build
Quicker to build
Disadvantages:
Holds water
No storage space
Requires high maintenance

22. (how can this be stopped)
Risks and hazards
There will DEFINITELY be a question on risks and hazards in construction in the exam
There are a variety of different risks and hazards present on a building site and a RISK ASSESSMENT is carried out prior to starting work to try and reduce these risks.
HAZARD
RISK
CONTROL MEASURE
(how can this be stopped)
Collapse of an excavation
Injury or death
Use of trench supports
Safety fences to stop people or machines falling in
Ground water
Flooding or drowning
Use a water pump to pump out water
Gas
Injury or death via explosion or choking
Avoid gas main pipes

23. Methods of Sustainable Construction:
Sustainability
A sustainable building is designed and constructed to make as small an impact on the natural environment as possible.
Methods of Sustainable Construction:
Building on Brownfield sites
Recycling and reusing of materials
Use of Sustainable materials
Use of pre fabricated materials
South facing building to make use of natural light
Sustainable materials
Sheep’s wool- insulation
Lime- mortar
Straw- walls and plaster
Softwood- timber frames
Aluminium- guttering

24. LAST QUESTION- worth 8 marks and is very important part of the exam
Q: A builder wants to build a house and is unsure whether to use brick and block cavity wall or SIP’S.
How to answer this question……
Masonry wall
SIP’s- Structural Insulated Panel
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Has a cavity so less chance of damp transfer
Can take a long time to build
Brick work looks a lot nicer
Heavy so more concrete needed in foundations
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
They come pre made so saves time building
The timber will rot over time
They are light so less concrete required in foundations.
Not as nice looking as brickwork
In conclusion I believe the masonry wall to be the most appropriate for the builder to use brick work because there is less chance of damp transfer compared to the SIP’S. Also the brick work will look a lot nicer than using SIP’S. He would have problems with the SIP’S because they will rot over time and he would have to spend more money to replace it where brick work will be there forever.