1. Review 3: Ecology and Evolution
AP Bio Exam
Review 3: Ecology and Evolution

2. Video

3. Ecology Biosphere – the whole planet
Ecosystem (biome) – defined by climate and organisms, includes abiotic
Community – The living (biotic) things
Population – organisms of the same species in the same area
Organism – an individual living thing

4. Ecology Terrestrial biomes Aquatic biomes
Tropical forest, desert, savanna, chaparral, grassland, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, tundra
Aquatic biomes
Wetlands, lakes, rivers, estuaries, tidal zones, pelagic, benthic, coral reef

5. Ecology
Only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to another, the rest is loss to the environment as heat.
Dispersion patterns:

6. Ecology K-selected: few organisms, care for young
R-selected: many offspring, no parental care
Type 1: k-selected, long lived
Type 2: constant death rate over time
Type 3: r-selected, many die early in life
Logistic: populations level off at carrying capacity
Exponential: populations grow constantly

7. Ecology: relationships
Aposematic coloration: warns away predators
Cryptic coloration: camouflage
Batesian mimicry: harmless species mimic dangerous ones
Mullerian mimicry: two dangerous species look alike
Predation +/- Mutualism +/+
Parasitism +/- Commensalism +/0

8. Evolution
Natural selection: individuals that have certain heritable traits survive and reproduce leading to change over time.

9. Evolution: 5 Evidences Fossils Biogeography DNA Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Embryology

10. Evolution: 5 Mechanisms
Mutation
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Bottleneck Effect
Founder’s Effect

11. Evolution
Directional, Disruptive, and Stabilizing Selection

12. Evolution
Species: individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring
Pre-zygotic barriers: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic
Post-zygotic barriers: reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

13. Evolution Domain: Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria
Kingdom: Plants, Animals, Fungi
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primate
Family: Hominid
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens

14. Math: Hardy-Weinberg
A population of snails has a dominant color of green shell and a recessive color of yellow shell. 70% of the snails have green shells. What % of the snails are heterozygous for shell color?

15. Math: Hardy-Weinberg
A population of snails has a dominant color of green shell and a recessive color of yellow shell. 70% of the snails have green shells. What % of the snails are heterozygous for shell color?
Solve for q2 first!

16. Math: Hardy-Weinberg Solve for q2 first!
100-70= 30% of snails are recessive, so
q2 = 0.3
Now find q

17. Math: Hardy-Weinberg q2 = 0.3 Now find q √0.3 = 0.547722558
Now find p, remember p + q = 1

18. Math: Hardy-Weinberg √0.3 = 0.547722558 Now find p, remember p + q = 1=
Now find 2pq

19. Math: Hardy-Weinberg Now find 2pq 2 x (0.452277442) x (0.547722558) =
Turn it into a percent: 49.5% (round to whatever they ask, or default to sig figs)