1. CHAPTER 3: CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
3F research and describe the history of biology and contributions of scientists
4A compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
3E evaluate models according to their limitations in representing biological objects or events;
4B investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules;
9A compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

2. 3.1 CELL THEORY
KEY CONCEPT Cells are the Basic unit of life.

3. 3.1 CELL THEORY
The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope.
Many scientists contributed to the cell theory.
Hooke saw cork cells
Leeuwenhoek observed “tiny animals” in pond water (protists)
Schleiden discovered cells in every part of plants
Schwann discovered the same thing for animals
Virchow stated that cells could only form from other cells

4. 3.1 CELL THEORY
The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope.
Many scientists contributed to the cell theory.
More was learned about cells as microscopes improved.
In the 1600’s, the earliest
microscopes probably used
water to magnify objects
Technological advances, such
as using mirrors and better
lenses, helped to improve
microscopes

5. 3.1 CELL THEORY
The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope.
Many scientists contributed to the cell theory.
More was learned about cells as microscopes improved.
The cell theory is a unifying concept of biology.

6. 3.1 CELL THEORY
Early studies led to the development of the cell theory.
The Cell theory has three principles.
All organisms are made of cells.

7. 3.1 CELL THEORY
Early studies led to the development of the cell theory.
The Cell theory has three principles.
All organisms are made of cells.
All existing cells are produced by other living cells.

8. 3.1 CELL THEORY
Early studies led to the development of the cell theory.
The Cell theory has three principles.
All organisms are made of cells.
All existing cells are produced by other living cells.
The cell is the most basic unit of life.

9. 3.1 CELL THEORY
All cells share certain characteristics.

10. 3.1 CELL THEORY All cells share certain characteristics.
Cells tend to be microscopic.
Bacterium
(colored SEM; magnification 8800x)

11. 3.1 CELL THEORY All cells share certain characteristics.
Cells tend to be microscopic.
All cells are enclosed by a membrane.
cell membrane
Bacterium
(colored SEM; magnification 8800x)

12. 3.1 CELL THEORY All cells share certain characteristics.
Cells tend to be microscopic.
All cells are enclosed by a membrane.
All cells are filled with cytoplasm.
cell membrane
Bacterium
(colored SEM; magnification 8800x)
cytoplasm

13. 3.1 CELL THEORY
There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

14. 3.1 CELL THEORY
There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
cell membrane
nucleus
organelles

15. 3.1 CELL THEORY
There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles.
cell membrane
nucleus
organelles

16. 3.1 CELL THEORY
There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
nucleus
organelles
cell membrane

17. 3.1 CELL THEORY
There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles.
nucleus
organelles
cell membrane
cytoplasm

18. 3.1 CELL THEORY
The first cells on earth are believed to have been prokaryotic, which then evolved into eukaryotic cells.
HOW?
1900’s - Lynn Margulis proposed that structures in some cells were once free-living cells themselves that were ingested but not destroyed by a larger cell
This theory is known as “Endosymbiosis”

19. 3.1 CELL THEORY
ENDOSYMBIOSIS

20. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES
KEY CONCEPT Eukaryotic cells share many similarities.

21. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES
Cells have an internal structure.

22. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES Cells have an internal structure.
The cytoskeleton has many functions.

23. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES Cells have an internal structure.
The cytoskeleton has many functions.
supports and shapes cell

24. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES Cells have an internal structure.
The cytoskeleton has many functions.
supports and shapes cell
helps position and transport organelles

25. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES Cells have an internal structure.
The cytoskeleton has many functions.
supports and shapes cell
helps position and transport organelles
provides strength

26. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES Cells have an internal structure.
The cytoskeleton has many functions.
supports and shapes cell
helps position and transport organelles
provides strength
assists in cell division

27. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES Cells have an internal structure.
The cytoskeleton has many functions.
supports and shapes cell
helps position and transport organelles
provides strength
assists in cell division
aids in cell movement

28. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES
Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.

29. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES
Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.
The nucleus stores genetic information and is the control center of the cell.

30. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES
Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.
The nucleus stores genetic information.
Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum.

31. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES
Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.
The nucleus stores genetic information.
Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum.
There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum.

32. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES
Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.
The nucleus stores genetic information.
Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum.
There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Transport and storage of
proteins; ribosomes for
protein synthesis

33. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES
Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.
The nucleus stores genetic information.
Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum.
There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Makes phospholipids

34. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES
Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.

35. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES
Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.
Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins.

36. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES
Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.
Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins.
The Golgi Apparatus (Body) is responsible for packaging and transporting proteins.

37. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES
Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.
Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins.
The Golgi Apparatus (Body) is responsible for packaging and transporting proteins.
Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that hold materials.

38. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES
Other organelles have various functions.

39. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES Other organelles have various functions.
Mitochondria supply energy to the cell through the process of cellular respiration; are the “powerhouse” of the cell.

40. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES Other organelles have various functions.
Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.
Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials; plant cells have one large central vacuole, animal cells have many small ones.

41. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES Other organelles have various functions.
Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.
Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials.
Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material; aid in hydrolysis of macromolecules.

42. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES Other organelles have various functions.
Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.
Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials.
Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material.
Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes

43. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES Other organelles have various functions.
Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.
Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials.
Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material.
Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes.
Help divide DNA
in animal cells.

44. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES Other organelles have various functions.
Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.
Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials.
Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material.
Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes.
Centrioles help divide DNA
in animal cells.
Centrioles form cilia and flagella.

45. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES
Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.

46. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
A cell wall provides rigid support.

47. 3.2 CELL ORGANELLES Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
A cell wall provides rigid support.
Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis in plant cells.

48. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
KEY CONCEPT The cell membrane is a barrier that separates a cell from the external environment.

49. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane has two major functions.
cell membrane

50. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane has two major functions.
forms a boundary between inside and outside of the cell
cell membrane
outside cell
inside cell

51. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane has two major functions.
forms a boundary between inside and outside of the cell
controls passage of materials
cell membrane
outside cell
inside cell

52. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
Phosphate Group (Head)
Polar and water soluble
Attracts water through hydrogen bonding (hydrophillic)

53. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
Fatty Acids (Tails)
Nonpolar and insoluble
Repels polar molecules, sugars, proteins, ions, cell wastes (hydrophobic)

54. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
Fatty Acids (Tails)
Eukaryotes have cholesterol in the bilayer, which gives rigidity and strength to the cell membrane and separates the fatty acid tails

55. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.

56. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer.
cell membrane

57. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer.
There are other molecules embedded in the membrane.
Carbohydrates are attached to proteins (glycoproteins) or to lipids (glycolipids)
cell membrane
protein
cholesterol
carbohydrate
chain
protein channel

58. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer.
There are other molecules embedded in the membrane.
Transport Proteins – channel and carrier; gates in the membrane that only fit with certain particles
cell membrane
protein
cholesterol
carbohydrate
chain
protein channel

59. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer.
There are other molecules embedded in the membrane.
Receptor Proteins – transmit information through the membrane
cell membrane
protein
cholesterol
carbohydrate
chain
protein channel

60. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer.
There are other molecules embedded in the membrane.
Marker Proteins – identify one cell to others by the type of carbohydrate attached to it
cell membrane
protein
cholesterol
carbohydrate
chain
protein channel

61. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer.
There are other molecules embedded in the membrane.
The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane.
Fluid: molecules can move sideways in the membrane
Mosaic: cell membrane is made up of different types of molecules

62. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.

63. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
Some molecules can cross the membrane while others cannot.

64. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
Some molecules can cross the membrane while others cannot.

65. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane.
Receptors bind with ligands and change shape.
Receptor: a protein that detects a molecule and performs an action in response
Ligand: a small molecule that forms a complex to serve a biological purpose (ex: substrates, inhibitors, etc.)
There are two types of receptors.

66. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane.
Receptors bind with ligands and change shape.
There are two types of receptors.
intracellular receptor
inside the cell
Typically bind with
small, nonpolar
molecules such as
hormones

67. 3.3 CELL MEMBRANE
Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane.
Receptors bind with ligands and change shape.
There are two types of receptors.
intracellular receptor
membrane receptor
Located in the cell
membrane
Bind with molecules
that can’t move
through the cell
membrane, like the
protein responsible
for triggering RBC’s
to carry CO2 from
the body cells to the lungs

68. 3.4 DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS
KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences.

69. Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport.
3.4 DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS
Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport.
Passive transport does not require energy input from a cell.
Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive transport.
There are two types of passive transport.
diffusion
osmosis

70. Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport.
3.4 DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS
Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport.
Diffusion
Diffusion is when molecules move down a concentration gradient.
Movement is from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

71. Diffusion and osmosis are types of transport.
3.4 DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS
Diffusion and osmosis are types of transport.
Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane.

72. Diffusion and osmosis are types of transport.
3.4 DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS
Diffusion and osmosis are types of transport.
There are three types of solutions.
Isotonic – equal amounts of solutes on either side of the membrane; no net movement
Hypertonic – more solutes outside the cell; water moves out of the cell; cell is “shriveled”
Hypotonic – more s0lutes inside the cell; water moves into the cell; cell swells

73. Diffusion and osmosis are types of transport.
3.4 DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS
Diffusion and osmosis are types of transport.
Isotonic

74. Diffusion and osmosis are types of transport.
3.4 DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS
Diffusion and osmosis are types of transport.
Hypertonic

75. Diffusion and osmosis are types of transport.
3.4 DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS
Diffusion and osmosis are types of transport.
Hypotonic

76. 3.4 DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS Animal vs. Plant Cells Gaining Water
Losing Water
Animal cells are increased in size by internal pressure, can cause cytolysis (cell bursting)
Because plant cells have cell walls, turgor pressure increases, causing rigidity
Animal cells can shrivel
Plant cells wilt as turgor pressure decreases
Plasmolysis: process in plant cells where the cytoplasm pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water

77. Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins.
3.4 DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS
Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins.
Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell membrane.
Facilitated diffusion is diffusion through transport proteins.

78. 3.5 ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS
KEY CONCEPT Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane.

79. 3.5 ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS
Passive and Active Transport are both necessary for moving different types of particles in and out of the cell.
Passive transport requires no energy from the cell.
Active transport is powered by chemical energy (ATP).
Occurs through transport protein pumps.
Used by cells to maintain homeostasis.
Movement occurs from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

80. 3.5 ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS
The energy used by Active Transport is usually in the form of ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
A molecule used to store and release energy in living beings

81. 3.5 ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS
Carrier Transport Protein binds with (solute)
Energy changes the shape of transport protein so molecule can be released on other side
Original shape of protein is then restored

82. 3.5 ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS
A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis.
Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles.
Endocytosis is the process of taking material into the cell.
Phagocytosis – endocytosis of solids; unicellular organisms take in food this way
Pinocytosis – endocytosis of dissolved molecules and liquids

83. 3.5 ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS
A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis.
Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles.
Exocytosis is the process of expelling material from the cell.