1. Providing Equal Educational Opportunity
Chapter 12
Providing Equal Educational Opportunity

2. Segregation History 1700s - 1860s
Slavery and oppression before Civil War. s
Segregation enforced through “Jim Crow” laws.
early 1960s
1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling outlawed segregated schools, but most resisted integrating.
1960s s
Progress made combating segregation of African Americans in some areas, but increased segregation for Latinos.
1990s s
Many cities ceased or slowed desegregation efforts.

3. ESEA – Title 1 (1965) Compensatory Education Services
Promotion of parental involvement and support
Early childhood education
Reading, language, & math instruction
Bilingual education
Guidance, counseling, social services
Dropout prevention
Teacher training
After-school programs
Computer labs and networks

4. ESEA Re-authorization: No Child Left Behind Act (2001)
Standards and Annual Testing
Disaggregated data / special needs students
Adequate Yearly Progress
Supplemental Services and Restructuring
Highly qualified teachers and staff

5. Assimilation Cultural Pluralism
Focuses on developing a single American identity
Discourages or forbids students’ use of native languages
Discourages or forbids cultural customs or learning styles that do not fit American ideal
Curriculum emphasizes western European cultural heritage
Cultural Pluralism
Encourages diverse cultural identities
Bilingual education is often an option
Accommodates diverse learning styles and appreciates contributions of diverse cultural customs
Curriculum recognizes diverse cultural heritage

6. Multicultural Education
Accommodates diverse learning styles
Recognizes dialect differences
Accommodates language differences
Includes multiethnic curriculum and instruction
Human relations skills
Cultural self-awareness
Multicultural awareness
Cross-cultural experiences

7. Federal Requirements for Special Education
Fair and comprehensive evaluation of disabilities, based on multiple criteria
Parent/guardian access to diagnosis information and right to protest school decisions
Individualized Education Program (IEP) for each student, including short- and long-range goals
Education provided in least restrictive environment (mainstreaming and inclusion).