1. Classical Studies – Key Figures CAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR

2. Origin
Born 13 July 100 BCE.
Family claimed descent from claimed descent from Iulus, son of the legendary Trojan prince Aeneas, supposedly the son of the goddess Venus.

3. The Name
The cognomen "Caesar" originated with an ancestor who was born by Caesarean section (from the Latin verb to cut, caedere, caes-).
Historia Augusta suggests three alternative explanations:
that the first Caesar had a thick head of hair (Latin caesaries);
that he had bright grey eyes (Latin oculis caesiis);
or that he killed an elephant (caesai in Moorish) in battle.

4. Connections
Caesar's father, also called Gaius Julius Caesar, governed the province of Asia.
Caesar’s aunt Julia married Gaius Marius, one of the most prominent figures in the Republic.

5. The First Triumvirate
In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years.
Their attempts to amass power as Populares were opposed by the Optimates within the Roman Senate, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero.

6. Heroic General
Caesar's victories in the Gallic Wars, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine.
These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse the standing of Pompey, who had realigned himself with the Senate after the death of Crassus in 53 BC.

7. Warring Generals
With the Gallic Wars concluded, the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return to Rome.

8. The Crux
Caesar refused the order, and instead marked his defiance in 49 BC by crossing the Rubicon with the 13th Legion, leaving his province and illegally entering Roman Italy under arms.
Civil war resulted, and Caesar's victory in the war put him in an unrivalled position of power and influence.

9. In Power
After assuming control of government, Caesar began a programme of social and governmental reforms, including the creation of the Julian calendar.
He centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed "dictator in perpetuity“.

10. Assassination
Political conflicts had not been resolved, and on the Ides of March 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by a group of rebellious senators led by Marcus Brutus.
His last words are said to have been to Brutus:
“καὶ σὺ, τέκνον” – “You too, child?”
This has been translated into the Latin, “et tu, Brute?”

11. Legacy
Power vacuum. The conspirators had not counted on Caesar’s popularity, and none came forward to declare themselves a successor.
A second triumvirate arose but soon shattered, leaving Octavius (later Augustus) the last man standing. The Roman Empire was born.