1. AIM: How did the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires affect the spread of Islam?
Do Now: Based on this map, how did the three empires conquer their territories?

2. Gunpowder!

3. Homework

4. The Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal rulers and Islam
All three Islamic empires were military creations
Devotion to Islam led rulers to extend faith to new lands

5. Steppe Traditions
All three were Turkish in origin; two were Sunni

6. Ottoman Empire Named for Osman I Founded c. 1300
Survived to 1922, until creation of modern state of Turkey under Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)

7. Sultan – n – Ottoman Emperor (Overlord or King)
Jannissary – Christians drafted, forcibly converted to Islam and turned into an ultra elite military force by the Ottomans.

8. Ottoman Expansion Methods of Expansion
The Ottomans controlled a “slave-like” army called the Janissaries.
Made effective use of gunpowder in battles and sieges
14th – 15th Century Expanded into S. E. Europe
Conquered Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, Greece
Mehmed the Conqueror (reigned )
Captured Constantinople in 1453
Renamed city Istanbul, the Ottoman capital
Expanded to Serbia, Greece, Albania
Attacked Italy

9. Map of Ottoman Expansion

10. TURKISH SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Men of the Pen (imams, judges, intellectuals)
Men of the sword (military)
Men of Negotiations (merchants)
Men of Husbandry (farmers)
Eventually, being in the military became a hereditary job with, and merchants and farmers had no way of joining.
Women had no rights aside from tradition, class, husbands’ wishes

11. Reign of Suleyman Ruled 1520 - 1566
Suleyman “the Magnificent” to Europeans, Suleyman “the Lawgiver” to his subjects
Famous as builder, conqueror and ruler, his reign is remembered as a “Golden Age” of the Ottoman Empire
Encouraged development of arts
Beautified Constantinople/Istanbul with mosques
Opened the city to people of all religions
Empire began a slow decline after Suleyman

12. Was this a good idea?
After he ruled, it became custom for a new Sultan to kill his brothers.
It also became custom for Sultans to keep their sons prisoners in harems to cut them off from education
Why do you suppose Suleymon did this?

13. Why do you suppose Suleymon did this?
Kept his sons too busy to overthrow him.
Killing off his brothers limited other threats to his power.
Evaluate how this might affect future rulers.
Led to progressively weaker rulers

14. In the pre-modern Middle East
Identity was largely based on religion
System functioned well until rise of European nationalism
Most cities were divided into quarters based on religion, language

15. Suleimaniye
Suleyman’s Mosque

16. Palace and administrative center of the Ottoman Empire
Topkapi Palace
Palace and administrative center of the Ottoman Empire

17. Hagia Sophia
Built by Justinian

18. Ottoman Rivals Byzantine Empire, until 1453
Safavid Empire of Persia, after 1500
Venice and Genoa in the Aegean and Mediterranean - (Battle of Lepanto, 1571)
Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire in SE Europe (sieges of Vienna 1529 and 1683)
Portugal in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean

19. Battle of Lepanto, 1571
LETTER, H.
VERONESE, Paolo

20. Contemporaries of Suleyman 1494–1566 (r. 1520- 1566)
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, r. 1519– 1558 (Charles I of Spain, r. 1516–56)
Henry VIII r. 1509–47
Elizabeth I r. 1558–1603
Francis I of France r. 1515–47
Christopher Columbus, 1451–1506
Martin Luther, 1483–1546
Ignatius of Loyola, 1491–1556
Ismail, Shah of Persia, r. 1502–1524
Akbar, r

21. Ottoman Institutions
Janissary Corps (yeni cheri, or “new troops” in Turkish)
Conscripted Christians, converted to Islam, initially barred from marriage or other work
Later, Janissary ranks were filled by devshirme system

22. Ottoman Decline
Styles of warfare changed, artillery and firearms (Janissaries) superceded mounted archers; landed cavalry class lost power and influences
Inflation from New World silver
Janissaries used influence to engage in commerce and marry, eventually creating an hereditary class

23. Ottoman Decline Janissaries weakened as a military force
Europeans increasingly dominated trade
Sultans became disengaged from government, power of women in the palace grew
“Tulip Period” - ruinous speculation in tulip bulbs
1730 Patrona Halil rebellion
Muhammad al-Wahhab ( ) led conservative, puritanical Islamic movement in Arabia

24. AIM: How did the Safavids and the Mughals affect history?
Do Now: Quick Review: Identify each of the following as either Sunni or Shiite; Safavid, Mughal, Ottoman.
HW: : Answer 1,3,4,5

25. Safavid Persia
Founded c by Shiite Muslim leader Ismail (r )
Made Shiism the state religion
Westward expansion checked in at Chaldiran by Ottomans

26. Shah Abbas I r. 1587 - 1629 Most prominent ruler of the Safavids
Came to power in 1587
Made Isfahan his capital
In 1599, engaged the Englishman Sir Robert Sherley to reform army
With Engish help, he drove Portuguese from Hormuz (1622) and reconquered portions of Ottoman territory

27. Strait of Hormuz

28. Safavid Empire

29. Impact of Persia
Persian had become the second language of Islam - behind Arabic. Often preferred to Turkish for literary or religious writing
Shiism tended to isolate Persia from the rest of Islam, dominated by Ottomans
Shiism teaches that leadership of the Islamic community belongs to the “Hidden Imam”- the 12th descendant of Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law

30. Muhammad al-Mahdi (The Hidden Imam) Shiism
is the prophesied redeemer of Islam, and, alongside Jesus, will rid the world of wrongdoing, injustice and tyranny.

31. Shi’ism in Persia
All temporal (secular) rulers are stand-ins for the Hidden Imam
This allows the religious community of scholars, the ulama, to judge the temporal rulers, leading to a check on absolutist rule of the Shah

32. Isfahan

33. Royal Mosque

34. Mughal India
Founder was Babur ( ), a Turkic- Mongol descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan
At the Battle of Panipat (1526), Babur defeated the last sultan of Delhi
Key early ruler was Akbar (r ), who established a central administration of the Mughal state based in Delhi and Agra

35. Akbar
Akbar sought reconciliation with Hindu majority - central problem for Moghul rulers
Married a Hindu princess, who gave him an heir
Rescinded the head-tax on non- Muslims
Allowed two laws: sharia for Muslims and Hindu law or local custom for Hindus

36. Akbar’s Religious Reforms
Created a translation bureau to make Hindu epics readable for the Muslim nobility of his court
Created a new faith, a syncretic blend of Islam, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Sikh, and Christian beliefs, with himself at the center (Din-e-Elahi)
Allahu Akbar (God is great)

37. Akbar’s successors
Grandson, Shah Jahan (Selim), built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal

38. Akbar’s successors
Shah Jahan’s (Selim) four sons fought after his death for the throne
Aurangzeb (r ) prevailed and tried to reimpose sharia and the head tax on non-Muslims
Aurangzeb remains a controversial figure in Indian historiography
After his death, Moghul power declined

39. End of Moghul Rule
Central administration gave way to regional autonomy - nawabs or nabobs became essentially sovereign rulers
1739 Persians sack Delhi and carry off the Peacock Throne, symbol of Mughal power
Disintegration of central authority opens India to French and English intrusion
Last Mughal emperor deposed in the wake of the 1857 Mutiny or Sepoy Rebellion

40. Mughal Legacy Spread of Islam, esp. in E. Bengal Principal factors:
Geography
Spread of commercial farming in Ganges Delta
Possibly Islam’s appeal to low-caste Hindus or Sufi evangelism
Rise of Sikhism, a blend of Hindu and Muslim beliefs, in the Punjab region

41. Fort at Gwalior
Red Fort,Agra
Mughal Architecture
Humayun’s tomb

42. Fatehpur Sikri
Built by Akbar and abandoned after 15 years because of insufficient water

43. Golden Temple of Sikhs
Amritsar, Punjab