1. Six Information Revolutions

2. Six Information Revolutions
Writing Revolution
- 8th century B.C. Greece
- convergence of the phonetic alphabet from the east and the papyrus, an import from Egypt to the south
- writing is used to store knowledge
- “the human mind would no longer be constrained by the limits of memory.”

3. Six Information Revolutions
2. Printing Revolution
- second half of the 15th century Europe
- convergence of paper from China (originally from Arab and Moorish cultures) and a printing system by German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg
- “With printing, information spread through many layers of society.”
Contributed to massive political, religious, economic, educational and personal alterations

4. Six Information Revolutions
3. Mass Media Revolution
- middle of 19th century Europe and US
- convergence of advances in paper production and printing press methods
- newspapers and magazines reached the common man
- “For the masses, literacy came within reach.”

5. Six Information Revolutions
4. Entertainment Revolution
- end of 19th century in Europe and America
- stored sound, affordable cameras and motion photography
- “Like the pots and oans coming off the assembly lines of the Industrial Revolution, entertainment could now be infinetely replicated and canned.”

6. Six Information Revolutions
5. Creation of the Communication Toolshed Home
- middle of 20th century
- telephone, broadcasting, recording, improvements in print, cheap universal mail services
- “…the media of communication have become inseparable from our lives.”

7. Six Information Revolutions
6. The Information Highway
- at present
- convergence of computer, broadcasting, satellite and visual technologies
- “Communication is shaking off transportation for work, study and play.”

8. The Printing Press and a Changing World
From communication.ucsd.edu

9. “The history of the book presents us with a complete, observable communications revolution… By following the developments in manuscript and print book production, tied to the changes in the technologies used to produce those texts, we can also chart the various changes in social organization, politics and economics from the feudalism of the 7th century, through to the advent and advance of early capitalism in the 15th century.”

10. Four Important Periods in the History of Printing
7th to 13th Century: The age of religious "manuscript" book production. Books in this period are entirely constructed by hand, and are largely religious texts whose creation is meant as an act of worship.
- 12th-3th century: rise of the merchant class, rising interest in the outside world

11. - Universities were created in Europe
- “These were major sites for the institution of a new relationship to books, to learning, and to the Word of God.”
- “Learning in Europe had been dominated by the Roman Catholic Church. With the advent of the secular university, students were no longer studying for the clergy.” (since merchants have different interests from priests)
Merchant class

12. - these new centers of learning created demands for books
- books were locked away in monasteries
- Two new kinds of institutions grew up around the universities: stationers and book copiers. These folks provided paper and libraries of text books that had been carefully studied and compared to other books for accuracy. They made these books available for copying by students. When a student needed a text for a class, he would go down to the stationers and copy them - by hand. Or he could pay a book copier to copy the book for him.
- there were a lot of inaccuracies and mistakes in the copies

13. Changing images…leaning to realism Images of their own social world
Hours of Catherine Cleves 1140
Holoy Family with Jesus in a walker
New kind of realism in religious pictures
Tacuinum Sanitatis
10th century
How-to books

14. Books were secular… Chirurgi Magna 1363 Canterbury Tales 1387
First book on surgery
Canterbury Tales 1387

15. Four Important Periods in the History of Printing
II. 13th to 15th Century: The secularization of book production. Books are beginning to be produced that do not serve as objects of worship, but that try to explain something about the observable world. The difficulty with the spread of such knowledge is that production is still taking place via pre-print - manuscript - methods.

16. 1452 – the Gutenberg Printing Press
- technologies of paper, oil-based ink and the wine-press to print books
- “One thing to remember is that Gutenberg gets credit for an invention that is thought to have been developed simultaneously in Holland and in Prague.”

17. - “Gutenberg's contribution to printing was the development of a a punch and mold system which allowed the mass production of the movable type used to reproduce a page of text. These letters would be put together in a type tray which was then used to print a page of text. If a letter broke down, it could be replaced. When the printing of the copies of one page was finished, the type could be reused for the next page or the next book.”

18. - The printed book quickly becomes a regular object in the world
- The printed book quickly becomes a regular object in the world. By 1501 there were 1000 printing shops in Europe, which had produced 35,000 titles and 20 million copies.