1. Mutations
Mutations: changes in the genetic code that can lead to changes in the amino acid sequence and ultimately to the overall shape of the protein. Why?

2. Mutated Proteins
A change in the DNA Base Sequence changes the amino acid sequence of the protein

3. How does a mutated protein affect a cell?
The mutated protein may have a different shape and disrupt its normal activity.

4. What causes mutation errors in DNA replication?
Chemicals
UV Radiation
X-Ray radiation
Heredity

5. Types of Mutation Substitution Deletion Insertion Inversion
Original DNA Strand

6. Copy the Normal DNA Strand:
DNA: CCT CAA GAT GCG
GGA GUU CUA CGC
mRNA:
AA Sequence:
Gly – Val – Leu - Arg

7. Substitution Mutations
Substitution – One nitrogenous base is substituted for another.
Normal DNA
CCT CAA GAT GCG
DNA: GCT CAA GAT GCG
mRNA: CGA GUU CUA CGC
A.A: arg val leu arg

8. Deletion Mutations
Deletion – One nitrogenous base is deleted (removed). First C is missing
Normal DNA
CCT CAA GAT GCG
DNA: CTC AAG ATG CG
mRNA: GAG UUC UAC GC
A.A Gluta phe tyr

9. Insertion Mutations
Insertion – Extra nitrogenous bases are added to the genetic code.
Normal DNA
CCT CAA GAT GCG
DNA: CCT CTA AGA TGC G
mRNA: GGA GAU UCU ACG C
A.A: gly asperic ser thre

10. Inversion Mutations
Inversion – The genetic code is inverted or reversed.
Normal DNA
CCT CAA GAT GCG
DNA: CCT CAA TAG GCG
mRNA: GGA GUU AUC CGC
A.A: gly val iso arg

11. Sickle Cell Anemia
Instead of glutamic acid

12. Point Shift Mutation
A change in ONE nitrogenous base, the overall number of bases stays the same (Substitution or Inversion)

13. Frame Shift Mutation
A change in the number of overall nitrogenous bases in the genetic code (Addition or Deletion)

14. What type of mutation is it?
Deletion

15. What type of mutation is it?
Substitution

16. What type of mutation is it?
inversion

17. What type of mutation is it?
insertion

19. Use the chart to complete your hand out