1. Hot Science - Cool Talk # 29
Citizen Science: Man vs. Machine in Providing Rapid Earthquake Information
Dr. David Wald
March 26, 2004
Produced by and for Hot Science - Cool Talks by the Environmental Science Institute. We request that the use of these materials include an acknowledgement of the presenter and Hot Science - Cool Talks by the Environmental Science Institute at UT Austin. We hope you find these materials educational and enjoyable.

2. Citizen Science: Man versus Machine in Providing Rapid Earthquake Information
Dr. David Wald United States Geological Survey, Golden, Colorado & Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
This talk will be an overview of the work I've been involved with in conjunction with the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Earthquake Information Center in Golden, Colorado. Recent technological advances in computer and communication technology, as well as developments in seismic networks in the United States, have allowed seismologists to rapidly respond to earthquakes in revolutionary ways.
The story is really one of man versus machine. It turns out that citizens, in our case internet users, can provide an enormous amount of important information for a number of scientific studies. Following earthquakes anywhere in the country you, the public, provide us with incredibly accurate and important data. However, for truly devastating earthquakes, we cannot rely on the internet or internet users. A hardened system, the “machines”, is required to provide post-earthquake information. Tonight I’ll explain these two very different means of rapidly collecting earthquake shaking and damage data.
Definitions:
Seismology is the study of earthquakes.
A seismic network is an array of instruments set up to detect and measure earthquakes.
U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey

3. Special Thanks to... The Seismological Society of America
The Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology
I’m honored to represent the Seismological Society of America (SSA) and the Incorporated Research Institutions in Seismology (IRIS) as a Distinguished Lecturer this year. This talk is also sponsored by the Environmental Science Institute at the University at Texas at Austin.
U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey

4. Talk Outline… Brief Overview of Earthquake Hazards
ShakeMap (“Machine”)
“Did You Feel It?” (“Man”)
I’ll present an overview of two recently-developed systems: ShakeMap (SM) & Did You Feel It? (DYFI?).
These systems are now extremely popular, highly visible products of the USGS; many have come to depend on them. They must be robust and function properly when needed immediately after earthquakes.
SM is the more critical product. It’s relied upon by emergency responders, utilities, businesses, and government. However, it only works if a fully functional, real-time seismic network exists where the earthquake occurs.
DYFI?, While not fundamentally an emergency response tool, relies on a very impressive interaction with the public through the Internet. I’ll describe both, and show how these system complement each other.
U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey

5. United States Geological Survey’s National Hazard Map
The challenge of giving a lecture on earthquakes in Austin is that earthquake hazard here is quite low (white area on the map). How many of you in the audience have ever felt an earthquake?
This is a Probabilistic Earthquake Shaking Hazard Map of the United States (see gov/hazards for more information).
This map shows the level of ground shaking acceleration (color coded, in %g, where 100% g is the acceleration due to gravity) with a 10% probability of being exceeded in 50 years. Red areas show the highest hazard; white areas have low hazards.
Obviously, the seismic hazard here in Austin is very low. But damaging earthquakes have affected 39 of our 50 states, some with devastating consequences. Worldwide the effects of earthquakes are even more devastating, killing over 45,000 people in 2003 alone.

6. USGS National Earthquake Information Center
Earthquake Monitoring
The USGS is the federal agency responsible for comprehensive
monitoring of earthquakes (nationally & globally)
Rapid reporting of earthquake information for post-earthquake &
emergency response
Distribution of earthquake information for public awareness of
hazards and mitigation
Data collection and analysis for mitigation research and decision
making (land-use and planning, earthquake engineering, retrofit, etc.)
Seismic Networks
Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS)
Regional and Urban Seismic Networks
Global Seismograph Network
Current World Seismicity
This slide provides background information on the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Earthquake Information Center in Golden, Colorado. URL:
-900
-500
-300
-150
-70
-33

7. Magnitude vs. Intensity
The photo on the left shows Charles Richter at the California Institute of Technology’s Seismological Laboratory.
The photo on the right shows damage from the 1994, Magnitude 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake.

8. Magnitude Intensity
Represents the size of the earthquake, but not necessarily the damage or shaking level
Represents the effects of an earthquake: the shaking and damage at different locations
Determined by area of the fault and how much it slipped
Determined from observations of shaking and damage
Decimal value (e.g., 6.7). Only one value is used for a single earthquake
Roman numerals from I to X are used. The value varies depending on location
Differences between the Magnitude and Intensity of an earthquake.
Described by the “Richter scale”, though “energy” magnitude is now generally used
The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is used in U.S.

9. Earthquake Geology Rupture surface Hypocenter Fault plane Fault trace
Smaller earthquakes have small faults (red dashed line), and so the epicenter typically is the location of strongest shaking. For larger magnitudes, which require longer faults (blue dashed line), the epicenter may or may not be in the area of strongest shaking; any area above the fault will likely shake hard.
Definitions:
Epicenter: The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
Hypocenter: The point within the Earth where an earthquake rupture starts; that is, the point within the Earth that is the center of an earthquake. Also commonly termed the focus.
Rupture surface: The rupture surface is where movement along a fault during an earthquake breaks the Earth's surface. Sometimes a fault slips only at depth, making an earthquake that has no surface rupture.
Fault: A fracture or fracture zone along which there has been movement of the Earth
Fault plane: The planar (flat) surface along which there is slip or movement during an earthquake.
Fault trace: The intersection of a fault with the ground surface. This is commonly represented by the line plotted on geologic maps to represent a fault.
Fault trace
Epicenter
Hypocenter

10. What Controls the Level of Shaking?
Magnitude
Larger faults, stronger shaking, longer duration, and energy released over a larger area
Distance from fault
Shaking decays with distance
Site Effects
Very soft soils amplify the shaking
Focusing
Local pockets of higher shaking (lens effect)
Directivity (location of epicenter)
Strongest shaking in direction of rupture
Primary factors that control shaking variations.

11. 1989, magnitude 6.9, Loma Prieta earthquake-damage occurred distant from the epicenter
25 Miles
Main locations of damage (red areas) for the 1989 Loma Prieta, California earthquake near San Francisco (the “World Series Earthquake”). Damage in Santa Cruz, Oakland and the San Francisco Marina District can be attributed to the various factors described in the previous slide. Red regions show areas of damage; one area of damage is shown by the red oval and occurred over the fault (black rectangle) as expected. Damage also occurred, however, at large distances from the fault such as Oakland, San Francisco, and Santa Cruz.

12. Moving Beyond Magnitude and Epicenter ….
The main theme of this talk is moving beyond simply providing magnitude and epicenter to describe the effects of an earthquake.

13. USGS/UCB/CDMG ShakeMap: Magnitude 6.9
This map shows the typical way in which the media show an earthquake’s epicenter and magnitude. This is inadequate in this day and age given the information now available via ShakeMap.

14. USGS/UCB/CDMG ShakeMap: Magnitude 6.9
ShakeMap: This map shows what we can now provide within minutes of an earthquake. This color-coded intensity map shows areas experiencing the strongest shaking, and which likely have damage to existing, vulnerable structures. Photos show examples of damage that occurred during the Loma Prieta earthquake; arrows indicate locations in areas of high intensity (yellow-brown to red colors).
Photos courtesy of USGS: USGS Digital Data Series, dds-29,

15. 1994 Northridge Earthquake (Magnitude 6.7)
This map shows the epicenter of the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake (red star) in the Los Angeles area. It took 30 minutes after the earthquake to locate the epicenter. This location alone, however, does not provide much information.

16. 1994 Northridge Earthquake (Magnitude 6.7)
This is the ShakeMap for the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake. Had this type of map been available immediately (less than 5 minutes) after the earthquake, much more would be known about how to respond, and the overall effects. Total losses from this earthquake exceeded 40 billion dollars.

17. Effect of Earthquake Depth
Northridge, California
Magnitude 6.7
Depth ~ 10 km
Depth
(in miles) 10 30 50
Nisqually, Washington
Magnitude 6.8
Depth ~ 50 km
Although of similar magnitude, the shaking levels for these two earthquake was dramatically different due to the differences in depth. Northridge was shallow; Nisqually was deep. The former had 40 billion dollars in damage; the latter was about 100 million dollars in damage.
I II-III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

18. Making a ShakeMap ….

19. A Region of the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS)
San Simeon 12/22/03 Magnitude 6.5
Seismic stations are the primary input into making a ShakeMap. This is a map of California showing seismic stations that can contribute to ShakeMap (blue dots). Shaking data from these stations are available in near-real time. As planned for in the Advanced National Seismic System, station density is high where populations are greatest to provide the most accurate shaking information where losses may be the greatest.
The areas in rectangles (San Francisco & Los Angeles) are enlarged in the next slide.
[Figure Courtesy of K. Lin, California Geological Survey]
Ground
Building
Bridge
Dam, etc.
Fault

20. SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA LOS ANGELES REGION Ground Dam, etc. Building
Bridge
Dam, etc.
Fault
Seismic stations are the primary input into making a ShakeMap. These maps show seismic stations that can contribute to ShakeMap (blue dots). Shaking data from these stations are available in near-real time. Station density is high where populations are greatest to provide the most accurate shaking information where losses may be the greatest.
SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA
LOS ANGELES REGION

21. Typical Seismic Station
The hole shown in the foreground of this photograph contains a seismic station. Location requirements include power, security, and communications (phone, internet, radio, or satellite).

22. Seismic Station Equipment
This photograph looks into the hole shown in the previous slide, which contains a seismic station. The equipment shown includes seismometers (round), backup power, data loggers, and communications (mounted on the wall).

23. 1994 Northridge Earthquake (Magnitude 6
1994 Northridge Earthquake (Magnitude 6.7) TriNet Peak Acceleration Map (in %g)
Acceleration ShakeMap showing topography and contours of peak ground acceleration for the Northridge earthquake. Green triangles show seismic station locations. Red arrows point to open circles, which are locations of predicted ground motion values empirically-based on the magnitude and distance to the epicenter. These estimates augment data where there are few stations. Red lines show faults; grey lines show freeways.
Definition:
g is the acceleration of gravity.

24. California Statewide Site Classification Map
California Division of Mines & Geology
(CDMG)
California geological map showing surface site conditions (From Wills et al., 2000, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America). The yellow regions indicate Quaternary alluvium, which tends to shake harder during earthquakes. The area in the black box is enlarged on the next slide.
Definitions:
The Quaternary is the period of geologic time that began approximately 2 million years ago and extends to the present.
Alluvium is a geologic term that refers to sediments deposited by streams and rivers.

25. A Portion of the CDMG Preliminary Statewide Site Condition Map of California
Soft Soil
Hard Rock
Los Angeles
Pasadena
Long Beach
The Los Angeles portion of the California geological map showing surface site conditions (From Wills et al., 2000, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America). Colors indicate soil type (see legend: B is hard rock DE is soft soil). Triangles show seismic stations. The yellow regions indicate Quaternary alluvium, which tends to shake harder during earthquakes (Class CD to D). DE represents man-made fill.
Definitions:
The Quaternary is the period of geologic time that began approximately 2 million years ago and extends to the present.
Alluvium is a geologic term that refers to sediments deposited by streams and rivers.

26. 1994 Northridge Earthquake (Magnitude 6
1994 Northridge Earthquake (Magnitude 6.7) TriNet Peak Velocity Map (in cm/sec)
ShakeMap peak velocity map for the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Epicenter is shown as a star, red lines indicate surface fault traces, grey lines are major roads, and green triangles indicate seismic stations. Contours of ground velocity are in units of centimeters per second. This map can be found online at under the southern California region (see “Map Archives” and “Major Earthquakes”).
Processed: Tue Jun 20 12:05:29 PM PDT, Produced by ShakeMap V2

27. INSTRUMENTAL INTENSITY SCALE
The instrumental intensity scale used for ShakeMap (Wald et al., 1999, Earthquake Spectra). Intensity is inferred from the peak ground motion acceleration and velocity values. These are based on the damage and perceived shaking from past earthquakes for which we have ground motion recordings and damage estimates.
Wald et al., 1999, Earthquake Spectra

28. 1994 Northridge Earthquake (Magnitude 6
1994 Northridge Earthquake (Magnitude 6.7) TriNet Rapid Instrumental Intensity Map
ShakeMap peak instrumental map for the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The epicenter is shown as a star, grey lines are major roads, and open triangles indicate seismic stations. This map can be found online at under the southern California region (see “Map Archives” and “Major Earthquakes”).
The photo shows the collapse of a portion of Interstate 14 near Newhall.
Newhall: Intensity IX
Collapse of Overpass

29. 1994 Northridge Earthquake (Magnitude 6.7)
ShakeMap peak instrumental map for the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. The epicenter is shown as a star. Grey lines are major roads. This map can be found online at under the southern California region (see “Map Archives” and “Major Earthquakes”).
This version of the map is made for television, with legible text and a simplified legend on the bottom of the map.

30.
The ShakeMap internet home page: (also and The regions on the western part of the map with color filled in have ShakeMap currently operating.

31. Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) Regions
This map shows the regions of the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS); color boundaries depict regions as labeled. The stars show urban areas with significant seismic risk that will be instrumented for ShakeMap. The yellow stars indicate regions already running ShakeMap.
For more information see
Puerto Rico
and U.S. territories
Alaska
Hawaii

32. What are the Primary ShakeMap Uses?
Rapid, post-earthquake emergency response & general information
2. Enhanced post-earthquake loss estimation
3. Response planning, preparedness, education
4. Scientific and engineering studies
This is a list of the primary uses for ShakeMap. More information is detailed on following slides.

33. Loss Estimation
ShakeMap records shaking levels; it does not give losses. Losses must be estimated separately with a knowledge of building/infrastructure inventory and its vulnerability
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the California Office of Emergency Services (OES) can now use ShakeMap in HAZUS (Natural Hazard Loss Estimation Methodology) for direct loss estimation from recorded ground motions, rather than from magnitude and epicenter alone
Loss estimates guide federal/state response efforts
Use of ShakeMap for loss estimation.

34. EMERGENCY RESPONSE CALTRANS OAKLAND TMC
TMC Photo
Caltrans (California Department of Transportation) Oakland Traffic Management Center (TMC). There are 12 Traffic Management Centers in the State of California. Here Caltrans can see video feeds, change text signs on all roads, notify the California Highway Patrol, and change and reroute traffic. The USGS is working with Caltrans to get ShakeMap into the TMCs.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE

35. Caltrans GIS (Geographic Information Systems) Map of Highway Bridges and Overpasses
A GIS (Geographic Information Systems) map generated by Caltrans that shows road overpasses in the strongly shaken region of the Northridge earthquake based on ShakeMap spectral-acceleration contours. The red regions indicate “severe damage possible for all bridges”. Pink regions indicate “severe damage possible (for pre-1975 bridges/overpasses)”.
Definition:
Spectral-acceleration is a measure of the relative shaking response of different geologic materials.

36. 1999 Hector Mine, California Earthquake (Magnitude 7.1)
ShakeMap peak instrumental map for the 1999, magnitude 7.1, Hector Mine, California, earthquake. The epicenter is shown as a star. Grey lines are major roads. O open. Can be found online at under the southern California region. See “Map Archives” and “Major Earthquakes”.
This version of the map is made for Television, with legible text and a simplified legend on the bottom of the map.

37. Earthquake Planning: Scenario Earthquakes
“Scenario earthquakes” are models of future earthquakes that are likely to occur based on knowledge of the faults in the region and how often they slip. Scenario earthquakes are used to model the expected damage that could be caused by a particular earthquake. They provide a planning tool for emergency response and for reducing hazards before an earthquake occurs.

38. SEISMIC HAZARD MAP RED AREAS HAVE HIGHEST HAZARD
Southern San Andreas Fault: Magnitude ~ 7.8, about every 200 years
The seismic hazard map for southern California. Red indicates the highest hazard. The black line indicates the portion of the San Andreas fault that slipped in the magnitude 7.8, 1857, Fort Tejon earthquake. This earthquake is often referred to as “The Big One”.

39. Scenario ShakeMap: San Andreas Fault (Magnitude 7.8)
A scenario earthquake ShakeMap for a repeat of the rupture on the San Andreas fault that slipped in the magnitude 7.8, 1857, Fort Tejon earthquake. This earthquake is often referred to as “The Big One”.
PLANNING SCENARIO ONLY – PROCESSED: Fri Feb 15, :35:47 AM PST

40. Scenario ShakeMap: Verdugo Hills Fault (Magnitude 6.7)
Los Angeles County Office of Emergency Management Training Scenario, November 9, 2000
A scenario earthquake ShakeMap for a magnitude 6.7 earthquake on the Verdugo Hills fault. The inset photograph shows the inside of the Los Angeles County Emergency Operations Center, where ShakeMap is visible on large screens. They are using this scenario earthquake for a county-wide emergency management training scenario. Los Angeles County has ShakeMap automatically delivered to their response center.
LA County Emergency
Operations Center

41. Community Internet Intensity Maps (CIIM)
“Did You Feel It?”
(DYFI?)
Now on to Did You Feel It? (DYFI?), originally known as the Community Internet Intensity Maps (CIIM for short). CIIM can be found online at or under the “Did You Feel It?” link.

42. Citizen science
citizen science
This slide shows the results of an internet Google search on “citizen science”. The most popular citizen science site is probably Cornell Univeristy’s Lab of Ornithology.
Definitions:
Ornithology is the study of birds.

43. Cornell Lab of Ornithology
The website for the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

44. Project FeederWatch
A website from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology showing results of Project Feeder Watch for the black-billed magpie.

45. Earthquake Hazards Program
The CIIM homepage ( or under the “Did You Feel It?” link. The country is divided into separate regions. If you feel an earthquake you would want to go to the website and click on the region you are in.

46. USGS Did you Feel It?
An example of the website for a specific region: the northeast United States

47. DID YOU FEEL IT? REPORT IT HERE!
This slide shows the DYFI? questionnaire for individuals to report what they felt after an earthquake.

48. The system is calibrated against intensities from past earthquakes
Answers to these specific questions are very diagnostic of earthquake intensity
The system is calibrated against intensities from past earthquakes
The responses are averaged for each zip code area, and color-coded for the intensity in that zip region
Answers to these specific questions are very diagnostic of earthquake intensity.
The DYFI? Questionnaire, continued. The section for “Additional Comments” allows first person accounts of people’s experience during an earthquake.

49. Thank you! We got your input.
The DYFI? response to a completed questionnaire. The person completing the questionnaire gets a instant estimate of the earthquake intensity they experiences, the average intensity in their zip code, as well as the number of responses.

50. 1994 Northridge Earthquake (Magnitude 6.7)
Comparison of USGS Modified Mercalli Intensity (Colored Circles)
with USGS Community Intensity (DYFI?; Colored Zip Codes)
A comparison of the original calibration of the DYFI? zip code responses (show using colors) versus the original postal questionnaire estimating Modified Mercalli intensities (shown by the circles). Where the colors match, the intensity values are the same.
Definition:
The Modified Mercalli scale (Mercalli intensity scale modified for North American conditions): A scale, composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity that range from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic destruction. It is designated by Roman numerals. It does not have a mathematical basis but is an arbitrary ranking based on observed effects.

51. Community Internet Intensity Map
Community Internet Intensity Map (DYFI?)
8 miles ENE of Fort Payne, Alabama (Magnitude 4.6)
Community Internet Intensity Map
An example of the DYFI? response for an earthquake in Alabama; magnitude 4.1 on April 29, There were16,941 responses in 1,500 ZIP codes. The inset (area shown by the box on the left map) zooms in on the epicenter area. The continuous change in intensity indicates that fine-scale variations in intensity can be recovered when enough data comes in.

52. Earthquakes in Texas??? HAZARD MAP
Community Internet Intensity Map (DYFI?)
10 miles N of Amarillo, Texas (Magnitude 3.9)
Community Internet Intensity Map (DYFI?)
(14 miles NE of Durant, Oklahoma Magnitude 3.3)
The DYFI? response for two earthquakes that were felt in Texas (near Amarillo, TX and Durant, OK). These events are consistent with the slightly elevated values of the National Hazard Map for this region. The stars on the map insert show the epicenters of these earthquakes.

53. Online earthquake information the next best thing to being there
How do people find DYFI?. Internet searches are fundamental. The USGS will also contact the media after significant earthquakes, and they will often publish or advertise the URL for the USGS collect data.

54. 3 miles SW of Gilroy, California (Magnitude 5.2)
Community Internet Intensity Map (DYFI?)
3 miles SW of Gilroy, California (Magnitude 5.2)
Community Internet Intensity Map (3 miles SW of Gilroy, California Magnitude 5.2)
Another example of the DYFI? response showing the response for the magnitude 5.2 Gilroy, California earthquake. Approximately 17,000 responses were recorded.

55. Earthquake Intensity Based on Internet Response
Another example of the DYFI? response showing the response for the magnitude 5.2 Gilroy, California earthquake. Approximately 17,000 responses were recorded. The San Francisco Chronicle showed the USGS DYFI? response map in the morning paper on the day following the earthquake. This publicity added to the number of responses.
Chronicle Graphic

56. 5 Years of Community Internet Intensity Data (DYFI?)
Over 440,000 Individual Responses Nationally!
This map shows all of the responses for zip codes in the United States since DYFI? started several years ago. Earthquakes have been felt in ALL 50 states and in the U.S. territories. Alaska & Hawaii, although not shown on this map, have had responses as well.

57. National Hazard Map (50 years)
Did You Feel It? (5 Years)
Did You Feel It? (5 Years)
National Hazard Map (50 years)
This slide compares DYFI? (top), or, the actual felt shaking distribution, with the probabilistic national hazard map (bottom). The hazard map is the probability of shaking at each level over a 50 year period, much longer than what the USGS has recorded with DYFI? over 5 years.

58. Most reported Earthquakes
Region Name Date Magnitude Number
1. California
Hector Mine
OCT
7.1
25,215
2. Central US
Fort Payne, Alabama
APR
4.6
17,076
3. California
Near Cambria
DEC
6.5
17,204
4. California
Gilroy
MAY
4.9
15,721
5. Central US
Columbia, VA
DEC
4.5
14,426
6. Pacific NW
Nisqually, WA
FEB
6.8
12,476
7. Northeast
Near Plattsburgh, NY
APR
5.1
9,547
8. California
Yorba Linda
SEP
4.4
7,812
9. California
Napa Valley
SEP
5.2
7,698
10. California
Big Bear City
FEB
5.4
7,530
11. Central US
Evansville, Indiana
JUN
5.0
6,692
12. California
San Jose
FEB
5,108
The list of the top earthquakes, in terms of the total number of DYFI? responses (completed questionnaires).
621 Responses in Redmond, WA ZIP Code
(Microsoft Headquarters!)

59. How Far Away Can You Feel an Earthquake?
250 km
A comparison of how far away from the epicenter several earthquakes have been felt: three of the four shown are in the eastern/central U.S., and one (Gilroy) is in the western U.S. (California). Earthquakes in the west are not as widely felt as in the east for comparably-sized earthquakes. This is due to a well-known effect of greater absorption in the broken-up Earth’s crust in the west compared to the stronger crust in the east. The circles denote equal distances from the epicenter in hundreds of kilometers.

60. Community Internet Intensity Map (DFYI
Community Internet Intensity Map (DFYI?) New York City, NY (Magnitude 2.6)
The DYFI? response for an earthquake in New York City in 2001! It was only a magnitude 2.6 earthquake, but it was felt!

61. Community Internet Intensity Map (DYFI?)
ShakeMap
Community Internet Intensity Map (DYFI?)
2 miles SW of West Hollywood, California
TriNet Rapid Instrumental Intensity Map Epicenter
1.1 miles SE of Beverly Hills, California
A comparison of DYFI? (left) versus ShakeMap (right) for the same earthquake. Recall that DYFI? comes strictly from people; ShakeMap comes strictly from machines.

62. Community Internet Intensity Map (DYFI?)
ShakeMap
Community Internet Intensity Map (DYFI?)
2 miles SW of West Hollywood, California
TriNet Rapid Instrumental Intensity Map Epicenter
1.1 miles SE of Beverly Hills, California
A comparison of DYFI? (left) versus ShakeMap (right) for the same earthquake. Recall that DYFI? comes strictly from people; ShakeMap comes strictly from machines.

63. INSTRUMENTAL INTENSITY SCALE
The instrumental intensity scale used for ShakeMap (Wald et al., 1999, Earthquake Spectra). Intensity is inferred from the peak ground motion acceleration and velocity values. These are based on the damage and perceived shaking from past earthquakes for which we have ground motion recordings and damage estimates.
Wald et al., 1999, Earthquake Spectra

64. 2002 Gilroy, California Earthquake (Magnitude 5.2)
DYFI?
Community Internet Intensity Map (DYFI?)
3 miles SW of Gilroy, California
ShakeMap
USGS/UCB/CDMG Rapid Instrumental Intensity Map
Another Comparison of ShakeMap (left) and DYFI? (right) for the Gilroy, California magnitude 5.2, 2002 earthquake. Actually, ShakeMap has no data near the epicenter, so DYFI? is more accurate there!

65. San Simeon, California Earthquake Dec. 22, 2003 (Magnitude 6.5)
ShakeMap
Community Intensity Internet Map (DYFI?)
CISN Rapid Instrumental Intensity Map Epicenter
11 km NE of San Simeon, California
11 miles N of Cambria, California
Another Comparison of DYFI? (left) and Shakemap (right) for the San Simeon, California magnitude 6.5, 2003 earthquake.

66. Community Internet Intensity Map (DFYI?)
11 miles N of Cambria, California
San Simeon, California Dec. 22, (Magnitude 6.5) Movie of Responses
The San Simeon, California magnitude 6.5, 2003 earthquake. The movie is a time-lapse QuickTime movie of the DYFI? responses in the minutes, hours and days following the earthquake.

67. 25,000 Internet Responses in 1,116 ZIP Codes
Comparison of USGS Modified Mercalli Intensity (Colored Circles)
with USGS Community Intensity (DYFI?; Colored Zip Codes)
This slide shows the DYFI? map for the most felt responses for an earthquake: the magnitude 7.1 Hector Mine California earthquake in Over 25,000 responses were recorded.
25,000 Internet Responses in 1,116 ZIP Codes

68. Community Internet Intensity Map (DYFI
Community Internet Intensity Map (DYFI?) 10 miles NNE of Lacey, Washington
Another example of a DYFI? map based on 12,108 responses for the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually, Washington earthquake of 2001.

69. Community Internet Intensity Map (DYFI
Community Internet Intensity Map (DYFI?) 10 miles NNE of Lacey, Washington
Another example of a DYFI? map based on 12,108 responses for the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually, Washington earthquake of 2001.

70. All Responses (0.5 km x 0.5 km grid)
Community Internet Intensity Map (DYFI?) 10 miles NNE of Lacey, Washington
All Responses (0.5 km x 0.5 km grid)
Structural Damage
Chimney Damage
Finer details of intensity are recoverable in areas of dense population.

71. How ShakeMap and DYFI? Complement Each Other
Combined data allow for improvement of relationships between intensity and instrumental recordings
DYFI? can provide information where no stations are present (Most of the US!), and add thousands of data points for both scientific and sociological analyses
ShakeMap provides robust rapid response; DYFI? provides human element as well as direct damage observations
DYFI? response data is used by the USGS to streamline and enhance the ordinary means of assigning intensity
Both the Shakemap and DYFI? systems are now an integral part the USGS post-earthquake information provided to the public, emergency responders, government, business, and the media. Rapid post-earthquake information is critical to well-informed decision-making and use of resources, and for expediting recovery and resumption of business and communities.
CONCLUSIONS:
These systems are now extremely popular, highly visible products of the USGS; many have come to depend on them. They must be robust and function properly when needed immediately after earthquakes.
Shakemap is the more critical product. It’s relied upon by emergency responders, utilities, businesses, and government. However, it only works if a fully functional, real-time seismic network exists where the earthquake occurs.
DYFI?, while not fundamentally an emergency response tool, relies on a very impressive interaction with the public through the Internet. I’ll describe both, and show how these system complement each other.
While the USGS gets a lot of mileage out of these systems, we could do a lot more. With the right investment of resources, these products could really be a fundamental cornerstone of USGS technological ingenuity.

72. The End
The End
CONCLUSIONS:
These systems are now extremely popular, highly visible products of the USGS; many have come to depend on them. They must be robust and function properly when needed immediately after earthquakes.
Shakemap is the more critical product. It’s relied upon by emergency responders, utilities, businesses, and government. However, it only works if a fully functional, real-time seismic network exists where the earthquake occurs.
DYFI?, while not fundamentally an emergency response tool, relies on a very impressive interaction with the public through the Internet. I’ll describe both, and show how these system complement each other.
While the USGS gets a lot of mileage out of these systems, we could do a lot more. With the right investment of resources, these products could really be a fundamental cornerstone of USGS technological ingenuity.

73. Follow Up Web Resources
US Geological Survey’s earthquake program:
ShakeMap:
“Did you feel it?”
under “Did you feel it?”
Earthquakes for teachers:
Earthquakes for kids:
U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey

74. Dr. David Wald
Dr. David Wald received his Ph.D. in Geophysics in 1993 from the California Institute of Technology. Dr. Wald’s research include the evaluation of ground motion amplification in basin environments, the estimation of rupture process from earthquakes; analysis of ground motion hazards, and earthquake source physics. Dr. Wald was involved in Real-time Seismology including the generation of real-time ground motion shaking and intensity maps for damaging earthquakes. He developed and managed both the ShakeMap system and the Community Internet Intensity Maps (popularly called “Did You Feel it?”) for post-earthquake response and information. Dr. Wald was awarded the Southern California Emergency Services Association’s Diamond Award for outstanding service and support to the Field of Emergency Management in 2000 and was the Associate Editor for the Bulleting of the Seismological Society of American from 1996 to Articles and broadcast about his work have appeared in New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Christian Science Monitor, USA Today, San Francisco Chronicle, Associated Press, PBS, CNN, FOX, ABC, CBS, MS-NBC, Learning Channel, History Channel, TechTV, BBC, NHK, NPR and Voice of America.