1. If you could help people or fix things in society (local or national) what or who would you target?

2. PROGRESSIVE ERA 1890s-1920
A21w
9.2.13

3. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Who were the Progressives?
What reforms did they seek?
How successful were Progressive Era reforms in the period ?
Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)

4. ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM

5. Progressivism WHEN? “Progressive Reform Era” WHO? “Progressives”
1901
1917
1920s
WHO? “Progressives”
urban middle-class: managers & professionals; women
WHY? Address the problems arising from:
industrialization (big business, labor strife)
urbanization (slums, political machines, corruption)
immigration (ethnic diversity)
inequality & social injustice (women & racism)

6. Progressivism HOW? WHAT are their goals?
Democracy – government accountable to the people
Regulation of corporations & monopolies
Social justice – workers, poor, minorities
Environmental protection
Moral development
HOW?
Government (laws, regulations, programs) HOW MUCH?????
Efficiency
value experts, use of scientific study to determine the best solution
wikipedia

7. Fostering Efficiency
Many Progressive leaders put their faith in scientific principles to make society better.
In industry, Frederick Taylor began using time and motion studies to improve factory efficiency. “Taylorism” became an industry fad as factories sought to complete each job quickly by breaking tasks down into small parts & using standardized tools.

8. Reform Darwinism (opposite of Social Darwinism)
Lester Frank Ward – Said human beings were different than animals because we could think and plan ahead
People succeeded because of their ability to cooperate, not compete
Government could regulate economy, help poor, and promote education better than competition
Those who agreed with this idea became the reformers of the early 1900’s

9. Social Gospel
Religious social-reform movement ( ) dedicated to the betterment of industrialized society through application of the biblical principles of charity and justice.
 Labor reforms—including abolition of child labor, a shorter workweek, a living wage, and factory regulation—constituted the Social Gospel’s most prominent concerns.

10. Literature: Naturalism & Realism
Realism focused on stresses and conflicts; explored social class issues and human psychology
Naturalism themes: People failed in life because of things they couldn’t control; Leaving society and economy unregulated didn’t always lead to the best result
Authors included: Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, Jack London, and the “muckrakers”

11. Origins of Progressivism
“Muckrakers”-journalists and writers who exposed corruption in politics and business (term first used by T. Roosevelt,1906)
Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890)
Ida Tarbell – The History of the Standard Oil Co (1902)
Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities (1904)
Upton Sinclair – The Jungle (1906)
Wadsworth.com;
Ida Tarbell
Lincoln Steffens

12. MUNICIPAL & STATE REFORMS

13. MUNICIPAL REFORM Utilities - water, gas, electricity, sanitation
Transportation – trolleys
Council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913)
Shoe line--Bowery men with gift from Tim Sullivan, February, 1910
"Big Tim" Sullivan, a New York City ward boss, rewarded "repeat voters" with a new pair of shoes. Sullivan once explained, "When you've voted ‘em with their whiskers on, you take ‘em to a barber and scrape off the chin fringe. Then you vote ‘em again…Then to a barber again, off comes the sides and you vote ‘em a third time with the mustache…[Then] clean off the mustache and vote ‘em plain face. That makes every one of ‘em for four votes." (Library of Congress) Pageant 13e Reader’s Companion
Shoe line - Bowery men with gifts from ward boss Tim Sullivan, February, 1910

14. MUNICIPAL REFORM strong mayor system
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
CITY SERVICES
council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913)
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
CITY MANAGER
CITY SERVICES

15. STATE POLITICAL REFORM
secret ballot
Robert M. LaFollette- introduced direct primary
Initiative
Referendum
Recall
Seventeenth Amendment (1913)
Wadsworth.com
Robert M. LaFollette, Wisconsin Governor

16. Direct Election Of Senators
Before 1913, each state’s legislature had chosen U.S. senators. To force senators to be more responsive to the public, Progressives pushed for the popular election of senators.
As a result, Congress passed the 17th Amendment in 1913.

17. STATE SOCIAL REFORMS professional social workers Health codes
Zoning laws
Building codes
settlement houses - education, culture, day care
child labor laws
Enable education & advancement for working class children

18. STATE SOCIAL REFORMS workplace & labor reforms eight-hour work day
workers compensation laws
minimum wage laws
child labor laws
unionization
improved safety & health conditions in factories
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1911

19.
After watching the video clip and researching the website above, answer the following questions.
If you were prosecuting a case against the Triangle Shirtwaist factory, what evidence would you use to show that the owners were culpable in this tragedy? (Provide 4 examples)
If you were a state legislator, what new laws/regulations would you support to protect people from similar disasters? (Provide at least 3 examples)

20. State Social Reform: Child Labor
“Breaker Boys” Pennsylvania, 1911
Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908
(1) Description: Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana Photographer, Lewis W. Hine; Credit: Nartional Archives and Records Administration;
(2) Description: Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C The overseer said apologetically, "She just happened in." She was working steadily . photographer, Lewis W. Hine;Credit: Nartional Archives and Records Administration;
(3) The coal mines of Pennsylvania employed more than ten thousand boys under the age of 16. Known as "breaker boys," they sorted coal. Such work was dangerous and sometimes fatal, as attested by this 1911 headline. (Library of Congress); Pageant 13e History Companion
(4) Lewis W. Hine. Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911.;"On other side of shed still younger children were working. Out of sixty working,... I counted 15 apparently under 12 years of age. Some 3, 4, and 5 years old were picking too.... Boss said they went to work at 3 A.M. and would quit about 3 or 4 P.M." ; PBS American Photography
Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911
Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908

21. Public Education Education for the workplace
With more and more jobs available that required an education, public school systems saw a significant rise in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s.
Expanding Higher Education
Many new colleges built
Traditionally, women’s educational opportunities lagged behind men’s, but this began to change.
Public Libraries

22. Helping the Urban Poor
In early 1900’s, some public effort was made to try to help the poor
Salvation Army
YMCA
Women’s clubs
Revivalism
Settlement houses

23. Settlement Houses Hull-House – Jane Addams
Hull House today: (1906 picture)
Jane Addams (1905)
Hull-House Complex in 1906

24. Promoting Moral Development
Some reformers felt that the answer to society’s problems was personal behavior. They proposed such reforms as prohibition.

25. Background on Prohibition, the “Noble Experiment”
Prohibition was the nationwide ban on the
manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol from
This was enacted through the 18th Amendment (1919), and codified by the National Prohibition Act, also known as the Volstead Act.

26. TEMPERANCE & PROHIBITION
Henretta, America’s History 4e from
Prohibition on the Eve of the 18th Amendment, 1919

27. http://www. travelchannel

28. Roots of Prohibition
In the early 1900’s, many Baptists and Methodists took part in revivals that were held, in part, to convert new followers to Christ and overcome the worldly evil of drinking.
Temperance was the effort to persuade individuals to limit use of alcohol or not to drink alcohol at all. Organizations included the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU.)
The politically powerful Anti-Saloon League (ASL) advocated temperance and believed that saloons and other sellers of liquor should be forced to close their businesses.

29. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT Anti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton
Frances Willard ( ), leader of the WCTU
Anti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton

30. Impact of Prohibition
Though noble in aim (alcoholism contributed to many social ills of the time,) Prohibition limited personal freedom, gave rise to widespread lawlessness, and encouraged the growth of organized crime.
Prohibition was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1932.

31. What is role of government?

32. RISE OF ORGANIZED LABOR

33. Economic Alternatives
Panic of 1893 prompted some Americans to question the capitalist economic system.
As a result, some workers embraced socialism. Eugene V. Debs organized the American Socialist Party in1901 and ran for Presidency 5 times, the last from a jail cell.
Debs encouraged workers to reject American capitalism

34. Socialism
Socialism - a government in which the means of planning, producing and distributing goods is controlled by a central government that, theoretically, seeks a more just and equitable distribution of property and labor.
(In actuality, most socialist governments have ended up being no more than dictatorships over workers by a ruling elite.)

35. Organized Labor Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or “Wobblies”):
Radical labor union founded in 1905 with ties to both socialist and anarchist labor movements. Wanted workplace democracy/self-management.
Socialists parade, May Day, 1910
Though their objectives sometimes differed from those of middle-class Progressive reformers, socialists also became a more active force in the early twentieth century. Socialist parades on May Day, such as this one in 1910, were meant to express the solidarity of all working people. (Library of Congress)
Socialists parade, May Day, 1910
Eugene V. Debs, founder

36. 0rganized Labor
Joe Hill, labor martyr
Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)-When mine owners refused to negotiate a wage & work hours settlement with miners, Roosevelt threatened to seize the mines and place them under control of federal troops—the first time a U.S. president had ever sided with strikers against industrialists and forced them to compromise.
Ludlow Massacre (1914)

37. Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson as Progressive presidents
NATIONAL REFORM
Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson as Progressive presidents

38. ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How effective were Progressive Era reformers and the federal government in bringing about reform at the national level in the period ?
(2003B DBQ)

39. Assassination of President McKinley, Sept 6, 1901
Description: Assassination of William McKinley. Czolgosz shoots President McKinley with a concealed revolver, at Pan-American Exposition reception, Sept. 6th, Keywords: Credit: Library of Congress

40. Theodore Roosevelt: the “accidental President” Republican (1901-1909)
Wadsworth.com (portrait and on horseback); Underwood and Underwood. Theodore Roosevelt Addressing a Crowd, Collection of The New-York Historical Society. PBS- American Photography
(The New-York Historical Society)

41. Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”
Formed upon 3 basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. It aimed to help middle class citizens, and to promote policies beneficial to U.S. society as a whole, not just certain sectors.
Wadsworth.com (both)
Anthracite miners at Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1900

42. Trust-Busting
By 1900, trusts (legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies) controlled 80% of U.S. industries.
Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

43. Roosevelt the “trust-buster”
Northern Securities Company (1904)
Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act (1906) strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission
Scanned from The Verdict 22 May 1899 by C. Gordon Moffat
“ONE SEES HIS FINISH UNLESS GOOD GOVERNMENT RETAKES THE SHIP”

44. Consumer Protection Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
Meat Inspection Act (1906)
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Wadsworth.com (stockyards, Meatpacking workers); Brinkley 11e Instructor Resource CD (The Jungle); Theodore Roosevelt cartoon "A nauseating job, but it must be done“; Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, published in 1906, prompted President Theodore Roosevelt to order an investigation of Sinclair's allegations about unsanitary practices. Roosevelt then used the results of that investigation to pressure Congress into approving new federal legislation to inspect meatpacking. (Utica Saturday Globe) Pageant 13e
"A nauseating job, but it must be done"

45. Pure Food and Drug Act
In response to unsubstantiated claims and unwholesome products, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906, halting the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and calling for truth in labeling.

46. Roosevelt & Conservation
Forest Reserve Act (1891)-POTUS has power to set aside national forests
Gifford Pinchot--first chief of the U.S. Forest Service (1906) & T.R’s advisor on natural resource management
White House Conference on Conservation (1908)—called for the scientific and efficient management of natural resources on the federal level.
John Muir--early advocate of national park idea
Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot, 1907
Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot, 1907; The two friends and allies in the conservation cause aboard the steamboat Mississippi on a 1907 tour with the Inland Waterways Commission. (Library of Congress)’; [Pageant 13e History Companion]
Description: Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir on Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley, California, c1906;Credit: Library of Congress;
Theodore Roosevelt & John Muir at Yosemite 1906

47. National Park Service

48. William Howard Taft President 1909-13 Republican
This postcard depicts how President Theodore Roosevelt, in command of the Republican Party, persuaded his friend William Howard Taft to run for president in Taft was not eager for that office, but Roosevelt succeeded in convincing him to seek it. With Roosevelt's strong support, Taft was elected, but he proved a disappointment to Roosevelt. (Collection of Janice L. and David J. Frent)
Postcard with Taft cartoon

49. Taft’s Progressive Accomplishments
trust-busting
forest and oil reserves
Sixteenth Amendment
BUT: Caused split in Republican Party
Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)
Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy
(Taft has) “…completely twisted around the policies I advocated and acted upon.”
-Theodore Roosevelt

50. Election of 1912 Woodrow Wilson (D) William Howard Taft (R)
Progressive Party (Roosevelt’s “Bull Moose Party”)
“New Nationalism” Roosevelt’s political philosophy: only a powerful federal government could regulate the economy and guarantee social justice, and the executive power should be the steward of the public welfare.
Wilson: Wadsworth.com; Description: Theodore Roosevelt as an opera singer who wins the favor of "Miss Insurgency", while Robert La Follette watches in disgust. 03/18/1912. Artist, Berryman, Clifford K.;Credit: National Archives and Records Administration;
Woodrow Wilson
Theodore Roosevelt cartoon, March 1912

51. 1912 Presidential Election
wadsworth

52. Wilson Reforms ( )
“New Freedom” platform attacked the ‘Triple Wall of Privilege’ — tariffs, banks, and trusts.
Underwood Simmons Tariff lowered tariff rates, which resulted in lower prices for goods, helping farmers
Federal Reserve Act established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the U.S.A.
Federal Trade Commission Act Created FTC to prevent unfair competition methods and deceptive business acts.
Keating-Owen Act banned items made by child labor from being sold in interstate commerce. (Struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court 2 yrs later.)
Wadsworth.com
Wilson at the peak of his power.

53. Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
Strengthened the Sherman Act with an anti-trust provision that prevented companies from acquiring stock from another company.
Supported workers’ unions by declaring strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing perfectly legal.

54. Federal Reserve Act (1913)
The Federal Reserve Act intended to establish economic stability through the introduction of a Central Bank, which would be in charge of monetary policy in the U.S.
The Federal Reserve Act gave the 12 Federal Reserve banks the ability to manage the money supply.
The Fed also has the power to adjust the discount rate (impacting interest rates) and to buy & sell U.S. treasuries.

55. Federal Reserve System
Federal Reserve Act
Thomson Wadsworth.com

56. WOMEN & SUFFRAGE

57. ESSENTIAL QUESTION
To what extent did economic and political developments as well as the assumptions about the nature of women affect the position of American women during the period ?
(1997 DBQ)

58. Colleges like Vassar and Smith allowed women to excel
Women Lead Reform
Many of the leading Progressive reformers were women. Middle and upper class women entered the public sphere after graduating from the new women’s colleges.
Colleges like Vassar and Smith allowed women to excel

59. http://womenshistory. about
Alice Paul

60. WOMEN “women’s professions” “new woman” clubwomen
A local club for nurses was formed in New York City in Here the club members are pictured in their clubhouse reception area. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)
The Women's Club of Madison, Wisconsin conducted classes in food, nutrition, and sewing for recent immigrants. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)

61. Three-Part Strategy for Winning Suffrage
Suffragettes tried three approaches to winning the vote:
Convincing state legislatures to adopt the vote.
Pursuing court cases to test 14th Amendment.
Pushing for national Constitutional amendment.

62. Woman suffrage before 1920
Thomson Wadsworth Wadsworth.com

63. Women’s Suffrage National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA)
Carrie Chapman Catt
Wadsworth.com
Ohio Woman Suffrage Headquarters, Cleveland, 1912

64. Women’s Suffrage Alice Paul National Woman’s Party
Nineteenth Amendment
Equal Rights Amendment
Suffragette Banner 1918
Description: Women suffragists picketing in front of the White house. The first picket line - College day in the picket line line, 1917;Credit: Library of Congress.
Description: The 19th amendment; Credit: Library of Congress
19th Amendment
National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White House, 1917
(All: Library of Congress)

65. RACE RELATIONS

66. Limits of Progressivism
While the Progressive era was responsible for many important reforms, it failed to make gains for African Americans. Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil Rights when he entered office.
The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s

67. Black Population, 1920
Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.;

68. ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offered different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discri-mination faced by black Americans at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. How appropriate were each of these strategies (considering the context in which each was developed)?
(1989 DBQ edited)