2. Absolute poverty
Is based on a measurement of the absolute minimum a person requires for survival
It is the lack off:
Food
Water
Warmth and shelter
Clothing

3. minature_village.mpg

4. Lesson Objectives
Some will be able to explain, with examples, the ways wealth and development are measured.
Most will be able to describe the differences between wealth and development.
All will understand the difference between wealth and development.

5. What is development? Is development more than wealth?
Economic Development
What is development?
Is development more than wealth?
Economic Development

6. What is Development?
Development is a measure of how rich or poor a country is.
Rich countries are more economically developed
Poor countries are said to be economically less developed
Development is not just about wealth, however, It is about growth and progress, and about using resources and technology to improve the quality of life for people.
Countries can be culturally, demographically, socially, politically or economically developed.

7. Rank these countries in order of development
But how can we measure development?

8. Development indicators can be divided into three types-
Social- those to do with the quality of life of individuals within a country.
Economic- those to do with the wealth of individuals within the country.
Demographic – to do with population data

9. Need to use DATA!!! MEDC or LEDC – How do we decide?
You must be able to interpret data it is very likely that you will have to do this in the examination.

10. WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY?
Development Indicators
INDICATOR
TRANSLATION!
WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY?
GNP per capita
Average earnings per person
Wealth; employment; disposable income; life choices; afford necessities?
Literacy rate
People able to read and write
Infant mortality
Child deaths
People per doctor
Newspapers per 1000 people
TV ownership per 1000 people
Life expectancy
Average number of years people are expected to live
% people employed in farming (Primary industry)

11. WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY?
Development Indicators
INDICATOR
TRANSLATION!
WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY?
GNP per capita
Average earnings per person
Wealth; employment; disposable income; life choices; afford necessities?
Literacy rate
People able to read and write
Education; Employment / wages; political awareness
Infant mortality
Child deaths
People per doctor
Newspapers per 1000 people
TV ownership per 1000 people
Life expectancy
Average number of years people are expected to live
% people employed in farming (Primary industry)

12. WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY?
Development Indicators
INDICATOR
TRANSLATION!
WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY?
GNP per capita
Average earnings per person
Wealth; employment; disposable income; life choices; afford necessities?
Literacy rate
People able to read and write
Education; Employment / wages; political awareness
Infant mortality
Child deaths
Health care; Nutrition
People per doctor
Newspapers per 1000 people
TV ownership per 1000 people
Life expectancy
Average number of years people are expected to live
% people employed in farming (Primary industry)

13. WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY?
Development Indicators
INDICATOR
TRANSLATION!
WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY?
GNP per capita
Average earnings per person
Wealth; employment; disposable income; life choices; afford necessities?
Literacy rate
People able to read and write
Education; Employment / wages; political awareness
Infant mortality
Child deaths
Health care; Nutrition
People per doctor
Education; Health care; death rates; life expectancy
Newspapers per 1000 people
TV ownership per 1000 people
Life expectancy
Average number of years people are expected to live
% people employed in farming (Primary industry)

14. WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY?
Development Indicators
INDICATOR
TRANSLATION!
WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY?
GNP per capita
Average earnings per person
Wealth; employment; disposable income; life choices; afford necessities?
Literacy rate
People able to read and write
Education; Employment / wages; political awareness
Infant mortality
Child deaths
Health care; Nutrition
People per doctor
Education; Health care; death rates; life expectancy
Newspapers per 1000 people
Literacy; Disposable income; Political awareness
TV ownership per 1000 people
Life expectancy
Average number of years people are expected to live
% people employed in farming (Primary industry)

15. WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY?
Development Indicators
INDICATOR
TRANSLATION!
WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY?
GNP per capita
Average earnings per person
Wealth; employment; disposable income; life choices; afford necessities?
Literacy rate
People able to read and write
Education; Employment / wages; political awareness
Infant mortality
Child deaths
Health care; Nutrition
People per doctor
Education; Health care; death rates; life expectancy
Newspapers per 1000 people
Literacy; Disposable income; Political awareness
TV ownership per 1000 people
Electricity? Disposable income (luxury item); Political awareness
Life expectancy
Average number of years people are expected to live
Health care; Nutrition; GNP
% people employed in farming (Primary industry)
Income; Education; Degree of choice? Nutrition

16. Development Indicators
Social
Economic
GNP per capita
Literacy rate
Infant mortality
People per doctor
Newspapers per 1000 people
TV ownership per 1000 people
Life expectancy
% people employed in farming (Primary industry) X X X X X? X X X

17. Measures of Development
Primary Employment; Birth Rate; Infant Mortality; Life Expectancy; GDP; Death Rate; Energy Per Person; Food Intake; GDP per capita; Literacy Rate; People per doctor
Economic
Social
Demographic
Measures of Development
The total of all money produced per year by a country’s workers
The amount of energy which each person in the country uses per year
The average number of years a person can expect to live
The wealth shared out equally among all the people of a country
Number of patients divided by the number of doctors
The percentage of people in the country employed in primary occupations
The number of births per year per 1000 people
Number of adults who can read and write in every 100 people
The number of children per year out of every 1000 born alive that die before they reach the age of one
The number of deaths per year per 1000 people
Number of kilocalories (kcals) each person in the country takes in each day

18. North South Divide

19. Developed countries - Economic Developed countries - Social
Developing countries - Social
Developing countries - Economic
A lot of trade
High infant mortality
Low infant mortality
Rich countries
Low GDP per capita
Little Trade
Africa, South America and SE Asia
Low birth and death rates
High literacy rate
Japan, USA and UK
Low literacy rate
High birth and death rates
Poor countries
High GDP per capita
Rapid population growth
The South
Brazil, Kenya and Egypt
The North
Europe, North America and Australasia
Slow population growth
Poor education and health care
Good education and health care

20. Development Indicators
The difference between the countries is called the
Development Gap

21. 45%- Employed in Primary agriculture 60 years- life expectancy
Development Indicators
Development indicators are interrelated, for example-
45%- Employed in Primary agriculture
$1,600- GNP
47%- Literacy rate
0.26 per Doctors
58 per Infant mortality
60 years- life expectancy

22. Is China a LEDC or NIC? Newly Industrialised Country?
Development Indicators
MEDC or LEDC?
Country A B C D
Life Expectancy
Yrs 47 74 42 78
% Literacy Rate 25 91
100 99
% Primary employment 39 5
1.2
Chad
China
Bad
USA
Is China a LEDC or NIC? Newly Industrialised Country?

23. Human Development Index

24. This is calculated by using
Alternate way of measuring human development, a figure is produced between 0-1.
This is calculated by using
Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity
Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate and enrollment in each sector of education.
Standard of living, as indicated by the gross domestic product per capita.

25. Why the Human Development Index?
It does not rely solely on wealth, it gives an indicator of quality of life by including health and education.
By including education it gives an indication of the country’s future development potential.
It reveals how a country uses it wealth. For example, if a country has a high GNP, but spends little on education, it will have a low HDI.

26. Human Development Index- Low Development
High Development
Moderate Development
Human Development Index-
Low Development

27. Very High Human Development
HDI – Top Five
Very High Human Development
Country
HDI 1
Norway
0.944 2
Australia
0.933 3
Switzerland
0.917 4
Netherlands
0,915 5
USA
0.914

28. HDI – Bottom Five Country HDI Sierra Leone 0.374 Chad 0.372
Low Human Development
Country
HDI
Sierra Leone
0.374
Chad
0.372
Central African Republic
0.341
Demographic Republic of Congo
0.338
Niger
0.337

29. Since then, geographers have realised that the real world is more complex. The very poorest countries are known as Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) are wealthier than other LEDCs, as their industries have grown and modernised. So does a simple North –South divide still exist

30. The Development Continuum…
Complete the development continuum by pacing the labels below in the correct order.
NICs MEDCs LDCs RICs LEDCs

31. The Development Continuum…
LDCs
LEDCs
MEDC
NICs
RICs
Over time the development gap has become wider. The G8 countries decided upon the Millennium goals as a means to help close the gap

33. How can development be affected by aid?
Some could explain in detail the differences between top down and bottom up approaches and explain an aid scheme in a LEDC and know its advantages and disadvantages.
Most should recognise and explain the differences between top down and bottom up approaches with reference to a development scheme.
All will recognise and describe the differences between the top down and bottom up approach.
Complete the advantages and disadvantages of aid exercise

34. What is Aid?
AID is help that is given from one country to another - usually MEDCs help LEDCs.
Water
Health care
Food drops

36. Aid is ...
Support
Goods
Services
Money
... given to those in need

37. These people need the basic necessities of life such as:
Food Aid
Shelter

38. Clean Water
Medical Attention
And rescue

39. This is called ‘Short Term Aid’. It helps people in severe difficulty.

40. The best solution is a combination of Short and Long Term Aid
There is also
LONG TERM AID
The aim of long term aid is to help LEDCs become more developed so that they will not need aid in the future.
The best solution is a combination of Short and Long Term Aid

41. Different Types of Aid Long-term aid
Match up the type of aid to the correct definition
Short-term aid
Emergency aid
Voluntary aid
Bilateral aid
Bottom-up development
Multilateral aid
Food aid
Top-down development
Tied aid
Sustainable development
Non-governmental organisation

42. Money, food, goods and services given at times of dire need
Emergency aid
Edible commodities donated to needy populations
Food aid
Aid that is given by a number of countries and organisations, like the United Nations and the World Health Organisation
Multilateral aid
Foreign aid that must be used in the donor country to buy goods and service from the country giving the aid
Tied aid
Development that meets the needs of the people today without harming the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Sustainable development
An independent charitable organisation that provides aid
Non-governmental organisation
Aid from one country to another
Bilateral aid
Money collected from the public (and sometimes governments) by non-governmental organisations
Voluntary aid
Aid that provides support for a short time, sometimes when there is an immediate need
Short-term aid
Development projects that are imposed in people from ‘above’
Top-down development
Aid that provides support over a long period of time to make changes that last
Long-term aid
Development projects that start and work from the ‘grass-roots’ level
Bottom-up development

43. What is top- down development?
These tend to be big schemes and decisions are made by the national government. Local people who often live near the scheme do not get involved in the process
Examples:

44. Top Down Decision Making
External Groups
e.g. World Bank, TNCs
National
Government
Top Down Decision Making
Local People

45. What is bottom-up development?
Local people are fully involved in the process and decision making
Examples:

46. Bottom Up Decision Making
External Groups
e.g. World Bank, TNCs
Decision made here
National
Government
Local People

47. Complete the top down, bottom up exercise
These three projects show contrasting strategies.
‘A’ is a small-scale, bottom-up intermediate technology project
‘C’ is a classic ‘top-down’ ‘big project’ with clear winners and losers
‘B’ is less easy to pigeon-hole as it is a national scheme, hi-tech, but aimed at the poorest and led by an NGO with a private partner
Complete the top down, bottom up exercise

48. Top Down Projects Top Down Approach
Conditions often attached to the loans
Relies on external links and technology
Dams etc provide energy needed for the country to develop
Uses machinery etc rather than providing jobs for local people
Top Down Approach
Often environmentally effective as they use cheaper fuels e.g. HEP
Country gets into debt as it borrows money from the World Bank etc
As these areas grow the take away resources from peripheral areas

49. Bottom Up Projects Bottom up Approach Involve the local people
Appropriate technology to the local skill level
Bottom up Approach

51. Which is the best option?
1. Looking at both Top down and bottom up approaches to development, which do you feel is the best option and why?
2. Foreign aid might be defined as a transfer of money from poor people in rich countries to rich people in poor countries.’ Explain this comment

52. Which statement do you agree with?
Aid creates dependency and will never really take the poorest out of poverty
Statement 2
Aid is a powerful way of changing the lives of the poorest for the better
Which do you agree with and why?

53. Sustainability
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising (limiting) the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

54. The Criteria – are they achievable?
Involve local people in decision making
Be affordable – not put countries/people into debt
Promote good help i.e. no negative effects on people
Protect and encourage native plants and animals
Use land that has already been developed before i.e. brownfield sites
Minimise waste and encourage recycling
Minimise energy use and use natural resources e.g. solar power
Minimise pollution
Minimise water use and use rainwater where possible
Offer benefits to the poor as well as the rich

55. Goats or computers?
YOU DECIDE!
Read page 168 of OCR GCSE Geography

56. £500

57. Goat Oxfam Unwrapped Oxfam's Online Shop.flv

60. Computer Aid International.avi

63. Oxfam Education Resources index Calendar of Action and Learning - Explore Overseas Aid.mp4