1. Newton’s Laws of Motion

2. Newton’s 1st Law:
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

3. What does this mean?
Basically, an object will “keep doing what it was doing” unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
If the object was sitting still, it will remain stationary. If it was moving at a constant velocity, it will keep moving.
It takes force to change the motion of an object.

4. What is meant by unbalanced force?
Force – a push or pull on an object
Balanced Force- if the forces on an object are equal and opposite, and the object experiences no change in motion.
Unbalanced Force- If the forces are not equal and opposite, and the motion of the object changes.

5. Examples of 1st law:
A soccer ball is sitting at rest. It takes an unbalanced force of a kick to change its motion.

6. Example of 1st law:
Two teams are playing tug of war. They are both exerting equal force on the rope in opposite directions. This balanced force results in no change of motion.

7. Newton’s 1st law is also called the Law of Inertia:
Inertia: the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion
The First Law states that all objects have inertia. The more mass an object has, the more inertia it has (and the harder it is to change its motion).

8. Example of Inertia:
A powerful locomotive begins to pull a long line of boxcars that were sitting at rest. Since the boxcars are so massive, they have a great deal of inertia and it takes a large force to change their motion. Once they are moving, it takes a large force to stop them.

9. Example of Inertia
On your way to school, a bug flies into your windshield. Since the bug is so small, it has very little inertia and exerts a very small force on your car (so small that you don’t even feel it).

10. If objects in motion tend to stay in motion, why don’t moving objects keep moving forever?
Things don’t keep moving forever because there’s almost always an unbalanced force acting upon it.
A book sliding across a table slows down and stops because of the force of friction.

11. Friction – force that causes an object to slow down and stop
Static friction – 2 surfaces that are not moving past each other. (example – pushing a heavy box)
Sliding friction – 2 surfaces sliding past each other. (box moving across the floor)
Rolling friction – rolling object and the surface it rolls on. (anything that rolls or has wheels).
Fluid friction – object moving through a liquid or gas (air resistance)

12. If you throw a ball upwards it will eventually slow down and fall because of the force of gravity.

13. Gravity – long range force
All objects fall at a rate of 9.8m/sec2
Gravitational attraction between objects: (not freefall)
The Effects of Mass on Gravity:
If mass increases, gravity increases
The Effects of distance on Gravity:
If distance increases, gravity decreases

14. Weight measure of the force of gravity Formula for Weight = mass x g
where g = (9.8 m/sec2 )
Unit for weight = Newton (N)

15. Example of gravity
In outer space, away from gravity and any sources of friction, a rocket ship launched with a certain speed and direction would keep going in that same direction and at that same speed forever.

16. Newton’s 2nd Law: Force equals mass times acceleration.
Force = mass x acceleration
Unit for force = Newton (N)

17. What does F = ma mean?
Force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration. Imagine a ball of a certain mass moving at a certain acceleration. This ball has a certain force.

18. Example of 2nd Law:
Now imagine we make the ball twice as big (double the mass) but keep the acceleration constant. F = ma says that this new ball has twice the force of the old ball.

19. Now imagine the original ball moving at twice the original acceleration. F = ma says that the ball will again have twice the force of the ball at the original acceleration.

20. Example of 2nd Law
If you double the mass, you double the force. If you double the acceleration, you double the force.
What if you double the mass and the acceleration?
(2m)(2a) = 4F
Doubling the mass and the acceleration quadruples the force.
So what if you decrease the mass by half? How much force would the object have now?

21. Example of 2nd Law:
Something very massive (high mass) that’s changing speed very slowly (low acceleration), like a glacier, can still have great force.

22. Example of 2nd law:
Something very small (low mass) that’s changing speed very quickly (high acceleration), like a bullet, can still have a great force.

23. Example of 2nd law:
Something very small changing speed very slowly will have a very weak force

24. Newton’s 3rd Law:
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Also called the law of action and reaction.

25. Example of 3rd Law:
Right now, gravity is pulling you down in your seat, but Newton’s Third Law says your seat is pushing up against you with equal force. This is why you are not moving. There is a balanced force acting on you– gravity pulling down, your seat pushing up.

26. Example of 3rd law:
A person pushes against a wall while on roller skates and roles backwards.
A rocket exerts a downward force (burning fuel) and moves upward

27. Momentum – force needed to change the motion of an object
Formula for Momentum = mass x velocity
Unit for Momentum = kg-m/sec
Momentum is conserved – It does not change unless there is an unbalanced force.
Example – playing pool

28. Force, Weight & Momentum Practice Problems:
What force would be required to accelerate a 40 kg mass by 4 m/sec2?

29. A 3200 N force is applied to a 160kg mass
A 3200 N force is applied to a 160kg mass. What is the acceleration of the mass?

30. 3. A man has a mass of 60kg on earth. What is his weight?

31. 4. An astronaut has a mass of 50kg. How much does she weigh on earth?

32. 5. Find the mass of a football player who weighs 1250N

33. 6. A steel ball whose mass is 100 kg is rolling at a rate of 2. 8m/sec
6. A steel ball whose mass is 100 kg is rolling at a rate of 2.8m/sec. What is its momentum?