1. Latin American Music World Focus for Examination 2018

2. Background Latin America refers to countries and territories in: South America Southern parts of United States Central America (including Mexico) Caribbean (places where Romance languages are spoken) Latin America refers to countries and territories in: South America Southern parts of United States Central America (including Mexico) Caribbean (places where Romance languages are spoken)

3. Background Cont’d Christopher Columbus’ discovery of the New World in 1492 led to European widespread colonisation Diseases brought by the conquerors wiped out many indigenous populations as they had no biological resistance to foreign diseases. A new source of labour was required to work in the mines and agricultural plantations and came in the form of slaves brought over from west Africa. Christopher Columbus’ discovery of the New World in 1492 led to European widespread colonisation Diseases brought by the conquerors wiped out many indigenous populations as they had no biological resistance to foreign diseases. A new source of labour was required to work in the mines and agricultural plantations and came in the form of slaves brought over from west Africa.

4. Background Cont’d Diseases brought by the conquerors wiped out many indigenous populations  bubonic plague  smallpox Diseases brought by the conquerors wiped out many indigenous populations  bubonic plague  smallpox

5. Background Cont’d A new source of labour (West African slaves) was required to work in the mines and agricultural plantations. inter-marriages took place resulting in a large number of people of mixed African and Iberian ancestry music in urban areas is a melting pot of influences from Europe and West Africa. A new source of labour (West African slaves) was required to work in the mines and agricultural plantations. inter-marriages took place resulting in a large number of people of mixed African and Iberian ancestry music in urban areas is a melting pot of influences from Europe and West Africa.

6. Argentinean Tango Music A dance and music form that rose to popularity in Buenos Aires in the late 1800s started among the lower-middle classes in bars, cafés, brothels, dance halls and clubs A dance and music form that rose to popularity in Buenos Aires in the late 1800s started among the lower-middle classes in bars, cafés, brothels, dance halls and clubs Spanish and Italian immigrants brought the waltz, polka and mazurka Africans brought their songs and dances A blend of the above created Tango music and dance Spanish and Italian immigrants brought the waltz, polka and mazurka Africans brought their songs and dances A blend of the above created Tango music and dance

7. Argentinean Tango Music Initially tango was rejected by the upper class who considered it as marginal, immoral and indecent Tango lyrics talk about nostalgia and longing for left behind homelands Initially tango was rejected by the upper class who considered it as marginal, immoral and indecent Tango lyrics talk about nostalgia and longing for left behind homelands

8. Tango Music Instruments

9. Tango Musical Features 2/4 and 4/4 time signatures Syncopated rhythm –Habanera rhythm: 2/4 and 4/4 time signatures Syncopated rhythm –Habanera rhythm: Marcado – Spanish word for ‘marked’  marcado rhythm is playing of notes on the beat in time, without syncopation  marcado in four – all four beats are marked  marcado in two – only two beats are marked Marcado – Spanish word for ‘marked’  marcado rhythm is playing of notes on the beat in time, without syncopation  marcado in four – all four beats are marked  marcado in two – only two beats are marked

10. Tango Musical Features Dynamics –Soft sultry, slow passages –Sudden burst in volume with strong piano accompaniment and speeding up of tempo Dynamics –Soft sultry, slow passages –Sudden burst in volume with strong piano accompaniment and speeding up of tempo Articulation –Legato songlike passages –Short staccato phrases Articulation –Legato songlike passages –Short staccato phrases

11. Tango Musical Features Dominated by minor keys because of its melancholic nature Major keys may slip in to provide contrast Use of glissando or portamenti in the melody Dominated by minor keys because of its melancholic nature Major keys may slip in to provide contrast Use of glissando or portamenti in the melody Bandoneon plays elaborated melodic lines Usually has two or three sections AB or ABC However sections may be repeated to create ABABA or ABACA Bandoneon plays elaborated melodic lines Usually has two or three sections AB or ABC However sections may be repeated to create ABABA or ABACA

12. Tango Musical Features When repeated, the sections are usually varied in instrumentation or accompaniment. Melodic line may be varied by the bandoneon An introduction, bridge or coda is sometimes added When repeated, the sections are usually varied in instrumentation or accompaniment. Melodic line may be varied by the bandoneon An introduction, bridge or coda is sometimes added

13. Cuban Son Spanish settlers and visitors brought music from Spain. Military bands brought plucked lutes and guitars, and song and dance forms Spanish settlers and visitors brought music from Spain. Military bands brought plucked lutes and guitars, and song and dance forms African slaves brought with them call and response singing They brought African drums and rhythms, and the musical earth bow and marimbula African slaves brought with them call and response singing They brought African drums and rhythms, and the musical earth bow and marimbula

14. Earth bow and Marimbula Earth bow marimbula

15. Cuban Son Instruments Trees – Cuban melodic instrument strung with three groups of double steel strings. The strings are plucked with a tortoise- shell plectrum. harp, lutes and the guitar. Bongo, guiro, maracas, claves and conga Trees – Cuban melodic instrument strung with three groups of double steel strings. The strings are plucked with a tortoise- shell plectrum. harp, lutes and the guitar. Bongo, guiro, maracas, claves and conga