1. The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

2. Cold War Arms Race:
“You cannot simultaneously prevent and prepare for war." --Albert Einstein

3. Cold War Arms Race:
"I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones." -- Albert Einstein

4. Location

5. History of “Nukes”
From USA was the only nation to have Nuclear Bombs.

6. The Arms Race Begins
In 1949, the Soviets developed the atomic bomb.

7. History of “Nukes”
In the 1950’s Britain, France, and the USSR all have nuclear weapons.

8. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
“Trinity and Beyond” Chronology of First Five Nations With Nuclear Weapons
1945 July U.S.  U.S. explodes the world's first atomic bomb, the ‘Trinity Test’, at Alamogordo, New Mexico.
1949 August 29 U.S.S.R. Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb, ‘Joe 1’, at Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. It’s a copy of the Fat Man bomb and had a yield of 21 kilotons.
1952 October 3 UK  First British atomic bomb, ‘Hurricane’, was tested at Monte Bello Islands, Australia, with a yield of 25 kilotons.
1960 February 13 FRANCE  First French nuclear test occurs at Reganne, Algeria, in the Sahara Desert. ‘Gerboise Bleue’ had a yield of kilotons.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1964 October CHINA  China explodes its first atomic bomb at the Lop Nor test site on the northeastern edge of the Tarim Basin in the XinJiang Province. It was an uranium 235 implosion fission device named ‘596’and had a yield of 22 kilotons.

9. Nuclear Holocaust-
World leaders realize the clash between the superpowers could destroy mankind.

10. Crisis
Today, it is known to Americans as “the Cuban missile crisis,” to Soviets as “the Caribbean crisis,” and to Cubans as “the October crisis.” At no other time in history has the world come so close to nuclear war.

11. Vienna, June 1961

12. Jackie was truly entertained by K’s jokes and asked K for a space dog’s puppy. She got one soon after returning to Washington

15. The Vienna Summit
1. Easy agreement on neutralization of Laos
2. Fierce debate on the terms of peaceful coexistence – right to revolution?
3. Germany, Berlin. Major Soviet worry about growing West German potential and East German weakness
K repeats his ultimatum to sign a peace treaty with GDR and give it full control over E. Berlin
JFK warns of consequences: NATO will act
K says he’s ready for war

16. Players: Soviet Side Fidel Castro Premier of Cuba
Andrei Gromyko, Minister of Foreign Affairs
Nikita Khrushchev Soviet Premier
Anatoly Dobrynin Ambassador to the U.S.
Raul Castro Head of Military Deputy Foreign Minister

17. Players: American Side
John Kennedy U.S. President
Robert Kennedy Attorney General
Robert McNamara Secretary of Defense
Dean Rusk Secretary of State

18. Causes Soviet Insecurity Cuban Invasion Build-up
Missile capability NOT balanced.
Cuban Invasion
Bay-of-Pigs-1961, Operation Mongoose-1962.
Castro nervous.
Build-up
April 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev conceived the idea of placing intermediate-range missiles in Cuba to provide a real deterrent to a potential U.S. attack against the Soviet Union or Cuba.
Operation “Anadyr “ Little support from Mikoyan and other members of Politburo

19. How successful were early attempts at ‘containment’?
Castro takes over US businesses
January 1961, US breaks off diplomatic relations
April, 1961, Bay of Pigs – 1,400 anti-Cuban exiles attempted to overthrow Castro
Autumn 1962, Cuba has received 1000s of USSR missiles, jets, boats & personnel
The US committed $100 million to overthrowing Castro, the CIA tried to sabotage the economy, they even planned to send him an exploding cigar! Why did they go to such lengths after April 1961?

20. Khrushchev admired Castro as a true, real-life revolutionary

21. Solidarity with revolutionaries across the world

22. Personality Boorish (rude and impolite) Interrupting speakers
Humiliated people
He once describe Mao (leader of Communist China) as an “old Galosh” translated to “old boot” which means Prostitute or immoral women
He once took off his shoe during an UN General assembly and banged it off the table repeatedly.

23. Why was the USSR interested in helping Cuba?
Cuba was a new Communist state
Cuba provided a launch base for USSR inter-continental missiles (ICMs)
Khrushchev wanted to test strength of new US president, JFK
Khrushchev wanted to force JFK into bargaining over US missile in Europe
Why does this cartoonist think that Khrushchev was interested in Cuba?

24. The arms race begins….
Both countries began developing their weapons so as to be able to ‘outgun’ their opponents. This meant:
developing more powerful weapons
Having more of one weapon than the other side
WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS?
Cheaper than having a large army
They were a deterrent. The idea was to have so many missiles that they could not all be destroyed. If one side attacked then it knew that the other could retaliate. This was known as MAD – MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION.
For some the Arms Race was a test of the strengths of Capitalism v communism

25. Let’s See the Build UP
Compare the escalation of events amongst what was going on in

26. 1961
January 3rd: US severs diplomatic ties with Cuba January 20th: John F. Kennedy inaugurated as US president, after defeating Richard Nixon in the November 1960 election. April 12th: USSR launches the first man in space, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. April 15th: CIA-backed invasion of Cuba via the Bay of Pigs is defeated. June: The US begins installing nuclear-capable Jupiter missiles in Turkey, increasing its capacity to launch against the USSR. June 4th: Khrushchev issues another ultimatum on Berlin, giving the Allies six months to withdraw from the city. July 25th: John F. Kennedy calls for increases to the US military, in response to Khrushchev’s ultimatum. August 13th: East German troops close the border with West Berlin and begin construction of the Berlin Wall. October 27th: Beginning of a tense two-day stand-off between US and USSR tanks at Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin. October 31st: USSR detonates ‘Tsar Bomba’, at 50 megatons the most powerful nuclear device ever tested.

27. 1962
February 10th: Detained U2 pilot Gary Powers is returned to the US, in exchange for a captured KGB agent. October 15th: CIA reports that surveillance photographs reveal the installation of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. October 22nd: John F. Kennedy speaks on television, announcing a naval blockade of Cuba to extract the missiles. October 26th: US military sets DEFCON 2, prepares ballistic missiles and stocks B-52 bombers with nuclear weapons. October 29th: Khrushchev announces the withdrawal of the missiles, following backroom negotiations with the US.

28. Why was there a nuclear arms race?
USSR
76 IBMs
700 Medium range bombers
1,600 bombers
38,000 Tanks
12 Nuclear submarines
495 Conventional submarines
0 Battleships and cruisers US
450 ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missile)
250 Medium range missiles
2,260 Bombers
16,000Tanks
32 Nuclear submarines
260 Conventional submarines
76 Battleships and carriers

29. “Missiles & Machines of War”
USN F-8 Crusader
SS-4 "Sandal" 1000 km
USAF RF-101
SS-5 "Skean" 2000 km
USAF U2

30. 1960: The biggest nuclear bomb ever built: “Tsar-bomba”, “Big Ivan”, “Kooz’ka’s Mother” (from old Russian proverb, much liked by Khrushchev: “We’ll show you Kooz’ka’s mother!”

32. October 1961: The world’s biggest H-bomb tested at Novaya Zemlya Island, the Arctic, explosive power – 57 mt

34. Gen. Curtis B. LeMay, Chief of the Strategic Air Command, advocated all-out nuclear war to destroy Soviet Union and Red China

35. Spring 1961
JFK asks “If your plans for general [nuclear] war are carried out as planned, how many people will be killed in the Soviet Union and China?”
Answer:
275 mln. instantly
325 mln. after 6 months
Up to 600 mln. total for Europe and Asia*

36. USSR sent
two regiments of FKR-1 cruise missiles equipped with 16 launchers and
80 tactical nuclear warheads
two antiaircraft divisions
a fighter regiment equipped with MiG-21s
four motorized rifle regiments, each with its own tank battalion a brigade of twelve missile boats
The total personnel figure for the operation was 50,874.
The forces required an estimated 85 transports to deploy: mostly freighters, but also some passenger liners
six Il-28 bombers with a total of six 407H nuclear bombs at their disposal three
 Luna battalions equipped with a total of twelve type 3N14 nuclear warheads

37. Anadyr required :
43,000 troops to defend Cuba ( all disguised as Cubans and taught some commands in Spanish)
164 nuclear weapons, of which (as was recently revealed):
42 were already put on intermediate-range missiles, ready to be launched at US targets
9 were on tactical missiles, ready to be used against an invading US force

38. Khrushchev’s motives:
Certainly not to wage war on the US.
Rather:
To restore Soviet image as a military superpower ready to confront US
To protect the Castro regime
To obtain strike positions against US similar to those US had against Russia
Politburo ( Suslov, Mikoyan, Malenkovsky ) disagree ( apparatus bureaucracy is ticketed off as they are not consulted but ordered )
Frightening times vs Funny times

39. THE SPACE RACE

40. What was the space race?
The space race was a race between the United States and the Soviet Union to explore outer space.
Many Americans felt that it would be dangerous to lose this race.
They realized that if the Soviets could work or travel in space, they could easily spy on or attack the United States.

41. The serious side was….
That a rocket that could launch a satellite could also launch a nuclear warhead at a target.
So space developments led to rapid advances in nuclear weapons.
By 1960 each side had the nuclear capability to destroy the earth
In 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut was the first man to orbit the earth – the Soviets had the lead. For Khrushchev it was a triumph for communism

42. Warning Signs
May, 1962: Khrushchev makes veiled references to a plot (How would the U.S. feel having missiles pointing at them, as they have missiles pointed at us?)
September: JFK and Congress issue warnings to USSR that US will deal harshly with any threats to national security
October 14: U2 recon. flight over Cuba spots sites installing nuclear missiles…Major Richard S. Heyser
October 15: Presence of missiles is confirmed

44. The Missiles: Locations

45. The Missiles: Locations

46. The Missiles: Aerial Photo 1

47. The Missiles: Aerial Photo 2

48. The Missiles: Aerial Photo 3

51. One of our U-2 flights over Cuba has revealed what analysts believe to be nuclear missiles. Sir, the missiles look to be from the Soviet Union.

52. “13 Days” Begin October 16: President Kennedy notified
October 16-22: Secret deliberations on what should be done
October 22: Kennedy tells nation his plan for blockade and quarantine
October 23: OAS( organization of American states) endorses naval quarantine
October 24: Naval quarantine begins and successfully changes course of many Soviet ships

53. It’s time to discuss military options sir
It’s time to discuss military options sir. The Soviets still deny that there are nuclear missiles in Cuba.

57. Col. Georgi Bolshakov, Soviet military intelligence, under cover as a Soviet diplomat in Washington, a “back channel” between the White House and the Kremlin – in , Robert Kennedy met with him about 90 times. He met with JFK, too

58. Soviet denial and deception
Bolshakov met regularly with Robert Kennedy, who believed him to be an honest diplomat and a discreet communications channel to Khrushchev.
Robert Kennedy seemed to personally trust Bolshakov, and President Kennedy came to rely on his information.
Throughout the duration of Operation Anadyr, Bolshakov assured the Kennedy brothers that Moscow had no aspirations of turning Cuba into a forward strike base.
Bolshakov only lost their trust when the president was shown photographs, taken by a Lockheed U-2 surveillance aircraft, of Soviet ballistic missiles on Cuban soil

59. Kennedy was not the only president whom the Soviets attempted to deceive.
They also fed false information to the Communist Party of Cuba, overstating the American threat to Cuba, to persuade Cuban leaders to allow Soviet nuclear weapons to be deployed to the island.
Cuban political leaders, especially Castro, and the Cuban intelligence services received falsified reports from their Soviet counterparts on the nature and extent of the American menace.

60. Khrushchev so adamantly desired to change the strategic nuclear balance between the two superpowers that he attempted to deceive his Cuban proxies so that, in turn, they would unquestioningly allow Soviet ballistic missiles and nuclear warheads to be placed on Cuban soil.
The KGB began sending doctored information to the Cubans in 1961 and continued to do so through the Cuban Missile Crisis. Soviet diplomatic warnings began soon thereafter. Khrushchev himself emphasized the American threat in conversations with Castro and Castro's deputies, and personally proposed the deployment of Soviet missiles to Cuba in the late spring of His proposal was soon accepted

61. Anatoly Dobrynin, Soviet Ambassador to the US

62. Oct.22, 1962: JFK tells the nation about Soviet missiles in Cuba

63. When U.S. leaders discovered that the Soviets were installing nuclear missiles in Cuba, they were stunned. No one was sure of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev or Fidel Castro’s intentions.

64. Would the nuclear missiles be used to threaten Cuba’s Latin American neighbors, or even intimidate the United States?
Did the communist leaders believe that the United States would not oppose their plan?
In October 1962, Americans did not know the answers to these questions

65. Khrushchev’s motives aside, the White House was shocked that the Soviets had ignored U.S. warnings against putting missiles in Cuba.
President Kennedy was especially indignant at the secrecy surrounding the Soviet operation.
Kennedy administration officials recognized that members of Congress and the American media would press for a strong U.S. response.

66. “13 Days” cont.
October 25: One Soviet ship challenges naval quarantine; Kennedy lets it pass
October 25: At the UN, Adlai Stevenson directly challenges the Soviet ambassador to admit to the existence of missiles, when the ambassador refuses, Stevenson wheels out pictures of the missile sites
October 26: Soviets raise possibility for a deal: if we withdraw missiles will America promise not to invade Cuba?

67. “13 Days” -- closure
October 27: Soviets demand that Americans also withdraw missiles from Turkey;
Major Rudolf Anderson’s plane shot down…tensions high
Kennedy tells Khrushchev that he will accept the proposal of the 26th, Kennedy tells his brother to tell the Soviet Ambassador that though the Turkey missiles would not be part of the bargain, they would be removed in time
October 28: USSR agrees to withdraw missiles

68. Soviet Decisions & Motivations
Close the Missile Gap
Currently far behind U.S. in terms of number of missiles
Verbal threats no longer effective with overwhelming evidence of U.S. superiority
Protect Cuba
Reciprocity
The U.S. has missiles pointing at us, let’s see how they feel now
Inability to Use the Missiles
If fired a missile, repercussions would be severe

69. Be Kruschev

70. Why Khrushchev Settled
Effectiveness of naval quarantine
Conventional inferiority in the Caribbean
No possible countermove
Overwhelming world support for the U.S.
Other possible reasons
Got what he wanted?
No U.S. invasion of Cuba
U.S. missiles withdrawn from Turkey

71. Castro’s Role No real role in decision making
Apparently out of touch with the situation
Oct. 26: “Aggression imminent/imperialists disregarding world opinion”—Clearly not the case
Khrushchev plays along to some extent but it is clear he disagrees with him… (“your suggestion would have started a thermonuclear world war”)

72. Be Castro

73. The American Decision
In September Kennedy had stated and Congress had passed a resolution saying that if the Soviet Union placed offensive weapons in Cuba we would not tolerate it.
Could we then rely solely on diplomacy? Both Kennedy brothers thought that John could be “impeached” if he didn’t act in accordance with his prior warnings
Determined in first 48 hours of crisis that the removal of missiles was the primary objective
Many options were considered

74. The American Decision: Considerations
(1) Air Strike
On October 17th, President Kennedy considered that there would be an air strike, at least against the missile sites, and perhaps against wider targets
Reservations from others: air strike may be using a “sledgehammer” to kill a “fly
Later that day Robert McNamara suggests policy in between diplomacy and an air strike
(2) Blockade
Advocated by McNamara and Robert Kennedy
Critics feared it would allow Soviets time
10/19, Kennedy accepted plan

75. The American Decision: Considerations
(3) Do Nothing
Ignore missiles in Cuba.
U.S. had military bases in 127 different countries including Cuba.
U.S. had nuclear missiles in several countries close to the Soviet Union.
Therefore, only right that the Soviet Union should be allowed to place missiles in Cuba.
(4) Negotiate
U.S. should offer the Soviet Union a deal.
USSR remove missiles in CubaU.S. withdraw her nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy.

76. The American Decision: Considerations
(5) Invasion
Send U.S. troops to Cuba to overthrow Castro's government.
Missiles could then be put out of action and the Soviet Union could no longer use Cuba as a military base.
(6) Nuclear Weapons
Use nuclear weapons against Cuba and/or the Soviet Union.

77. On October 20, President Kennedy decided on a blockade of Cuba by the U.S. Navy to prevent further shipments of military supplies to the island.
The president decided to use the word “quarantine” instead of the word “blockade” because international law considered a blockade to be an act of war.
This option allowed the president to steer a middle course among ExComm’s varied options.

78. Kennedy’s Oct.22 statement:
A quarantine on any ships bringing weapons to Cuba
Full alert of US armed forces. It meant:
1436 strategic bombers
172 ICBMs
140,000 troops poised to invade Cuba
In case the missiles are used, US will respond with an all-out war

79. Blockade: Close-up 250,000 Marines and ground troops 1,000 planes
250 naval vessels.

80. Be Kennedy

81. Castro was ready to sacrifice Cuba for the sake of destroying US imperialism

82. K’s response: Full military alert Turn the ships back
Offer to remove the missiles in exchange for JFK’s pledge not to invade Cuba and to remove US missiles from Turkey

83. In private conversations, both sides were greatly concerned about the influence of the military and the hardliners on the other side
The Man Who Saved the World:

84. A Havana memorial: Soviet surface-to-air missile of the type which downed a US U-2 reconnaissance plane over Cuba on October 27, 1962; in front of it, an engine from the downed plane

85. A US Navy destroyer intercepting a Soviet freighter off Cuba

86. A close call: incident with the Russian submarine near Cuba:

88. The public impression:
JFK won, and K was humiliated
In reality, JFK did make important concessions:
1. A pledge not to invade Cuba (provided that the missiles are withdrawn and Cuba does not export its revolution to other L. A. countries)
2. Removal of US nuclear missiles from Turkey

89. Activity 1
As teams, please respond to the following Cuban Missile Crisis prompts, with clearly written, detailed discussions.
Premier Khrushchev’s Letter:
Discuss the underlying tone of Khrushchev’s letter.
Describe the line of logic that Khrushchev used in making his case.
Ultimately, what was the Soviet commitment toward the crisis? Identify and discuss.

90. Consequences of Cuban Missile Crisis
Some of the direct consequences of the crisis include the following:
HOT LINE
The two sides established a direct communications link that became known as the Hot Line. It was hoped that this would help prevent dangerous confrontations such as the Cuban Missile Crisis arising again.
(2) U.S. REMOVES MISSILES
Three months after the Cuban Missile Crisis the United States secretly removed all its nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy.

91. What was the outcome of the crisis?
Cuba remained Communist & heavily armed (without nuclear missiles)
Both leaders didn’t lose face and came away with concessions
Helped renew the thaw – world saw the futility of MAD
Permanent hotline between White House & Kremlin set up
Supported theory of containment & co-existence because alternatives unimaginable

92. Lessons of the Cuban Missile Crisis
Clashes over revolutions may end in nuclear Holocaust
The two superpowers have important common interests and should learn to cooperate despite their differences
US and Russia should bind their arsenals with agreements providing stability and predictability

93. Nov.-Dec.1962, Kennedy in a private conversation in the Oval Office:
"There was created a myth in this country that did great harm to the nation. It was created by, I would say, emotionally guided but nonetheless patriotic individuals in the Pentagon. There are still people of that kind in the Pentagon. I wouldn’t give them any foundation for creating another myth."
The President initially responds by poking fun at himself, evoking laughter from his military staff, stating, "As one of those who put that myth around – a patriotic and misguided man…“

94. "If the purpose of our strategic buildup is to deter the Russians, number one; number two, to attack them if it looks like they are about to attack us or be able to lessen the impact they would have on us in an attack…if our point really then is to deter them…we have an awful lot of megatonnage to put on the Soviets sufficient to deter them from ever using nuclear weapons. Otherwise what good are they? You can’t use them as a first weapon yourself, they are only good for deterring…I don’t see quite why we’re building as many as we’re building."

95. L to R: Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko, US Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet Ambassador to Washington Anatoly Dobrynin: Moscow, June 1963, after the signing of the Test Ban Treaty

99. Khrushchev was deposed on Oct
Khrushchev was deposed on Oct.14, 1964 at a meeting of the Soviet Party leadership
The Cuban Missile Crisis was one of the motives

100. K became a depressed pensioner
K became a depressed pensioner. Richard Nixon wanted to see him during his brief visit to Moscow in 1967, but K was at his cottage

101. K. died on Sept. 11, 1971. He is buried at the Novodevichye Cemetery in Moscow

102. Consequences
“If we cannot now end our differences, at least we can help make the world safe for diversity. For, in the final analysis, our most basic common link is the fact that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal.... Confident and unafraid, we labor on—not toward a strategy of annihilation, but toward a strategy of peace.”
—President John F. Kennedy, American University Speech, 1963

103. Consequences of Cuban Missile Crisis
(3) TEST BAN TREATY
A Test Ban Treaty was signed between the two countries in August The treaty prohibited the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere.
(4)PRISONERS RELEASED
The 1,113 prisoners captured during the Bay of Pigs invasion were exchanged by Castro for $50 million in food, drugs, medicine and cash.
(5) USSR RESOLVE
The Soviet Union became determined to have a nuclear capability that was equal to the United States. This was achieved by 1972.

104. Consequences of Cuban Missile Crisis
(6) STRAIN ON SOVIET ALLIES
China accused the Soviet Union of being a 'paper-tiger' and claimed to be the true leader of the Communist movement. The split between the Soviet Union and China became wider.
(7) U.S. RESOLVE
The United States became convinced that the Soviet Union would not go to war over another communist country. It has been argued that this encouraged the United States to help attempts to overthrow socialist and communist governments in Vietnam, Nicaragua and Grenada.

105. Having come so close to the horror of a nuclear war, leaders on both sides recognized the need to embark on a new path to prevent nuclear confrontation in the future.
The ideological conflict would continue, but while they remained in power Khrushchev and Kennedy worked to diminish the tensions between the two nations.

106. “It horrifies me to think what would have happened in the event of an invasion of Cuba!... It would have been an absolute disaster for the world.... No one should believe that a U.S. force could have been attacked by tactical nuclear warheads without responding with nuclear warheads. And where would it have ended? In utter disaster.”
—Kennedy’s Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara

107. President Kennedy’s Address:
Activity 1
As teams, please respond to the following Cuban Missile Crisis prompts, with clearly written, detailed discussions.
President Kennedy’s Address:
Discuss the evidence of Cuba’s capabilities and President Kennedy’s general/specific concerns.
Describe the essential element(s) re. each of Kennedy’s Seven-Points.
What are the critical messages the president directed toward Cubans and Americans at the close of his address?

108. Activity 2
As teams, please respond to the following Cuban Missile Crisis prompts, with clearly written, detailed discussions.
Premier Khrushchev’s Letter:
Discuss the underlying tone of Khrushchev’s letter.
Describe the line of logic that Khrushchev used in making his case.
Ultimately, what was the Soviet commitment toward the crisis? Identify and discuss.

109. Activity 3
As teams, please respond to the following Cuban Missile Crisis prompts, with clearly written, detailed discussions.
Were Castro and Khrushchev justified in placing nuclear missiles in Cuba? Defend.
Were the actions taken by Kennedy and the U.S. appropriate? Defend.
HYPOTHETICAL: If Venezuela (which, under President Chavez, has been outspoken in its/his criticism of the U.S.) began receiving nuclear warheads and missile shipments (capable of reaching U.S. soil), what would you recommend as an effective response? Defend.

110. Congratulations Mr. President, Khrushchev is removing the missiles from Cuba. We made the right choices.

111. CONTENT/SOURCES: Text, handouts, PPT Notes
Soviet Losses in WWII
Yalta
Potsdam Declaration
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Berlin Blockade/Airlift
NATO
Korean War
McCarthy Era
Bay-of-Pigs
UNIT REVIEW