1. External Security: Foreign and Defense Policy
Historical background ( )
1969 Hague Summit: Establishment of European Political Cooperation (EPC)
Consensual decision-making
Ostpolitik
Euro-Arab Dialogue
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
Imposition of martial law in Poland
Genscher-Colombo proposals –end distinction between EPC and EC
Single European Act incorporated the EPC.
German unification

2. External Security: Foreign and Defense Policy
Maastricht Treaty
Common Foreign and Security Policy becomes an intergovernmental pillar of EU
Policy instruments
Common positions
Joint actions (QMV for implementation)
Compromise between Europeanists and Atlanticists
Eventual framing of a common defense policy
WEU to implement EU decisions and actions which have defense implications.
Development of WEU will strengthen the European pillar of Atlantic alliance

3. External Security: Foreign and Defense Policy
Ongoing developments and differences
Iraq invasion of Kuwait
Divergence among member states about use of force
Britain, Spain, Germany, France, Ireland
War in Yugoslavia
‘This is the hour of Europe’
Differences among member states
Germany and Croatia
Greece and Macedonia
Reticence about use of force
1993 UN-EC Peace Plan –not accepted by parties
1995 NATO bombardment –Dayton Agreement

4. External Security: Foreign and Defense Policy
Implementing CFSP
1994 European Stability Pact
Reconstruction and reconciliation in Mostar
Consensus principle dominates.
Lack of leadership
1994 Greek presidency
Amsterdam Treaty
New decision-making rules
Constructive abstention
Emergency break
High Representative
Inclusion of WEU Petersberg Tasks
Divide between Europeanists and Atlanticists narrower

5. External Security: Foreign and Defense Policy
Implementing CFSP after Amsterdam
Examples of activities
European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP)
Br-Fr Summit
Kosovo crisis –NATO campaign
1999 European Council – EU must have capacity for autonomous action on Petersberg tasks
Helsinki Headline goal
2001 decision to develop resources for civilian crisis management
EU merges with WEU (2002)

6. External Security: Foreign and Defense Policy
Divisions over 2003 war in Iraq
Britain, Denmark, Italy, Portugal, Spain
France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg
Candidate countries –French criticism
ESDP operations
Berlin-Plus arrangements
24 Operations (7 military, 1 mixed) in Balkans, Africa, Middle East, Georgia, Indonesia.
2003 European Security Strategy –differences with United States

7. Lisbon Treaty Common Security and Defense Policy
Obligation of aid and assistance if a member state is the subject of a terrorist attack or the victim of a natural or man-made disaster
High Representative for the Union in Foreign Affairs and Security Policy –also vice President of Commission
Catherine Ashton
External Action Service
Single Legal Personality