1. Happy Tuesday!
Happy Friday! Pl
Please complete the pie chart in your notes (page 5) by referring to this diagram.

2. Reminders!
Ch. 2 vocabulary due Friday – 22 words on page 60 or go through the chapter and define the highlighted words (same 22 words) .
Midterms will go out Thursday and need to be signed and returned!!
EXTRA CREDIT if you have any minerals from home to share with the class!!

3. Minerals

8. Mineral
Characteristics

9. 1. A mineral occurs naturally.

10. 2. A mineral is solid.

11. 3. A mineral has a definite chemical composition.

12. 4. A mineral’s atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern.

13. 5. A mineral is inorganic (was never alive)

14. Of the almost 4000 known minerals, only about 30 are very common.
The most common are quartz, feldspar, mica, and calcite.

15. The silicates make up most of the rocks found in the Earth’s crust.

16. Minerals
Rock-forming silicates
Most common mineral group
Contain the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

17. The silicate (SiO4)-4 molecule

18. Minerals – building silicates

19. Some Silicate Minerals
Feldspar
Mica
Olivine
Pyroxene
Quartz
Chip Clark

20. Video: Minerals

21. FELDSPAR
Mica
Chip Clark

22. FELDSPAR

23. FELDSPAR

24. QUARTZ
Mica
Chip Clark

25. MICA
Mica
Chip Clark

26. Minerals
Nonsilicate minerals
Carbonates
Native Elements
Sulfates
Halides
Oxides
Sulfides

27. A Carbonate Mineral
CaCO3

33. Also Dolomite is a carbonate mineral CaMg(CO3)2

34. Native Element (Sulfur) – non metal

35. Native Element (Copper) - metal

36. Graphite (C) Used in Pencils

37. A Sulfate Mineral Very soft mineral – Used in Dry Wall
7th stopped here…
Very soft mineral – Used in Dry Wall

38. A Halide Mineral - Halite (Table Salt)

39. A Halide Mineral (Fluorite)

40. An Oxide Mineral (Magnetite – lodestone – iron ore)

41. An Oxide Mineral (Hematite – iron ore)

42. A Sulfide Mineral (Pyrite – fool’s gold)

43. A Sulfide Mineral (Galena – lead ore)

44. To be able to identify these and other minerals, we need to look at the properties used to separate and distinguish these minerals.
3,4,6 stopped here

45. Rarely is a mineral identified by a single property.
Identifying Minerals
Remember!...
Rarely is a mineral identified by a single property.
These properties need to be considered together to correctly identify a mineral.

46. 1. color
Color is the most easily observed mineral property and the least useful because many minerals have similar colors, and some minerals come in many colors.

47. Fluorite

48. color
Some minerals are only one color such as cinnabar, which is always red, and malachite, which is green.

49. However, many minerals have a similar color.

50. color
Many minerals can turn colors due to impurities, or they can change colors in various circumstances.

51. color
For example, pure quartz is colorless or white, impurities can make the mineral rose, purple or pink!

52. Turn to the Mineral Identification Chart in your notes
Turn to the Mineral Identification Chart in your notes. List A, B and C under sample number. Then, look at your minerals and record the color for minerals A, B, and C on the chart in your notes.

53. Luster refers to the way a mineral shines in reflected light.

54. Minerals can have a metallic luster, or a nonmetallic luster.

55. luster
There are several terms used to describe nonmetallic luster. Examples could be vitreous or glassy, like the quartz on the left, or pearly, like the gypsum on the right.

56. Other terms that might be used include greasy, dull, and earthy or waxy.
Can you tell which of these has an earthy luster and which has a vitreous luster?
Were you
Right?
Vitreous
Earthy

57. What is the Luster? Glassy Metallic Nonmetallic Metallic Metallic
Pearly

58. Look at your minerals and record the luster for minerals A, B, and C

59. 3. streak
Streak of a mineral is the color of its powder when rubbed on an unglazed white tile.

60. Color of Streak

61. The streak is often not the same color as the mineral.
A minerals color may vary, but the streak rarely will!

62. Look at your minerals and use the streak plate to record the streak for minerals A, B, and C

63. 4. cleavage
The cleavage of a mineral is its tendency to split easily or to separate along flat surfaces.

64. Cleavage

65. Halite, calcite or galena
Muscovite
Cleavage
Feldspar
Halite, calcite or galena

66. cleavage
Mica is probably the best example as it splits into thin sheets. It is said to have one perfect cleavage.

67. cleavage
Feldspar splits readily in two directions, always at or near right angles.

68. Calcite and galena cleave in three directions.
cleavage
Calcite and galena cleave in three directions.
They are said to have three good cleavages.

69. Three examples of perfect cleavage – fluorite, halite, and calcite

70. Not all minerals show cleavage.
Those that don’t break along cleavage surfaces are said to have fracture.

71. Quartz has Conchoidal fracture

72. Look at your minerals and record cleavage or fracture for minerals A, B, and C

73. The hardness of a mineral is its resistance to being scratched.
Diamond (left) is the hardest of all minerals, and talc (right) is the softest.
Thursday ALL

74. Friedrich Mohs devised a hardness scale.
In this scale, ten well-known minerals are given numbers from one to ten.
Lets take a look at the ten minerals used and some of the simple tests.

75. Mohs Hardness Scale Talc Gypsum Calcite Apatite Flourite Topaz3 4 5 1 2
Topaz
Corrundum
Diamond
Quartz
Orthoclase 9 10 6 7 8

76. Hardness
Talc (left) is the softest and has a hardness of 1. A soft pencil lead will scratch talc.
Gypsum is a bit harder and has a hardness of 2. A fingernail scratches gypsum.

77. Hardness
Calcite (left) has a hardness of 3 and a copper penny just scratches it.
Fluorite (right) has a hardness of 4 and it can be scratched by an iron or brass nail.

78. Hardness
Apatite (left) has a hardness of 5 and can be scratched by a steel knife blade.
Orthoclase Feldspar (right) has a hardness of 6 and it will scratch a window glass.

79. Topaz has a hardness of 8 and will scratch quartz.
Quartz (left), with a hardness of 7, is the hardest of the common minerals. It easily scratches hard glass and steel.
Topaz has a hardness of 8 and will scratch quartz.

80. Corundum (left) has a hardness of 9. Corundum will scratch topaz.
Diamond with its hardness of 10 can easily scratch the rest of the minerals.

81. Look at Mohs Hardness Scale on page 10…

82. IF you CAN scratch the mineral with the tool, the mineral is SOFTER (LOWER number) than the tool. If you CAN scratch the tool with the mineral, the mineral is HARDER (HIGHER number) than the object.

83. IF you canNOT scratch the mineral with the tool, the mineral is HARDER (HIGHER number) than the tool. If you canNOT scratch the tool with the mineral, the mineral is SOFTER (LOWER number) than the object.

84. Use the tools and record the hardness (a number from 1-10) for minerals A, B, and C

85. Identify your three minerals!!
Page in text

86. 7. crystal shapes
Crystal shape can be a useful property to identify minerals if the minerals have had the time and space to form crystals. Most mineral grains that are found in rocks, lack the room to grow.
6th start here

87. Crystal form
Quartz

88. Isometric
(cubic)
Tetragonal
Hexagonal
Monoclinic
Orthorhombic
Trigonal

89. Pure gold can have a specific gravity as high as 19.3!
Specific gravity tells you how many times as dense as water the mineral is.
Pure gold can have a specific gravity as high as 19.3!
4thstarts here

90. 9. acid test
Calcite is calcium carbonate, CaCO3. If a drop of weak hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, the acid bubbles as carbon dioxide is released.

91. Other Special Properties Magnetic Malleable Radioactive Flourescence
Taste

92. Can you think of a mineral that might be shaped or hammered?
Malleable
or Ductile
Minerals that can be hammered thin or shaped are said to show these properties.
Can you think of a mineral that might be shaped or hammered?

93. Gold and Copper would be a perfect examples!
These are both native elements

94. Magnetic
Some minerals that contain Iron, are magnetic and can be picked up by a magnet. EX: Magnetite

95. This is the state of glowing while under an ultraviolet light.
Fluorescence
This is the state of glowing while under an ultraviolet light.
Some minerals even glow once the light is turned off! Called Phosphorescence

96. Fluorescent Minerals

97. Some minerals, such as this uraninite, are radioactive.
They give off subatomic particles that will activate a Geiger counter.

98. Halite (rock salt) can be identified by its taste.
This practice is not recommended!

99. Specific Gravity Lab/crystals

100. Crystal System Lab
Look at the paper models on your desk. Order them 1-7. Use observation and measurement with rulers to write down the attributes of each of the crystal systems.

101. Crystal Cave

102. Please complete the Mineral Tests Matching in your notes packet.

103. Mineral Resources

104. Renewable vs. Non-Renewable
Renewable energy – sources that are replaced as fast as they are consumed.
Ex: wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, solar and Ocean

105. Renewable vs. Non-Renewable
Nonrenewable energy – sources that are replaced much more slowly by natural processes than they are consumed. Ex: Minerals and all fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and coal). Fossil fuels come from the remains of ancient organisms.

106. Precious Metals &Gemstones
Ex: 1. Silver
highest electrical conductivity
Silver Ore

107. Silver
highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal

108. 2. Diamonds
Hardest mineral known

109. Diamonds
Hardest mineral known

110. 3. Sapphires, Rubies & Emeralds
Second hardest
mineral

111. Sapphires, Rubies & Emeralds
Corundum group
Second hardest
mineral

112. Sapphires, Rubies & Emeralds
Corundum group
Second hardest
mineral

113. Sapphires, Rubies & Emeralds
Corundum group
Second hardest
mineral

114. Sapphires, Rubies & Emeralds
Corundum group
Second hardest
mineral

115. Ex: 1. Magnetite and Hematite
Ores
Ex: 1. Magnetite and Hematite
Iron Ore

116. Ores
Ex: 2. Malachite
Copper
Ore

117. Ores
Ex: 3. Cinnabar
Mercury Ore
Ex: 4. Bauxite
Aluminum Ore

118. The Bingham copper mine in Utah

119. Ex: 1. Halite and Gypsum – Evaporites
Salts & Other minerals
Ex: 1. Halite and Gypsum – Evaporites
Formed from the evaporation of water

120. Salt Dome Formation
Source:

121. Astronaut photo of the southwestern edge of the Zagros Mountains featuring salt domes (the white section in the middle and the bump on the left).
Astronaut photo of the southwestern edge of the Zagros Mountains featuring salt domes (the white section in the middle and the bump on the left).
Source
Date February 28, 2006
Author NASA
Permission US government, public domain
Source

122. Salt Ponds, South San Francisco Bay
(Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center )

123. Salt Ponds, South San Francisco Bay
(Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center )

124. Death Valley, California
Once a deep Pleistocene Lake (100 miles long 600 feet deep)
Change in climate at end of ice age cause evaporation and precipitation of salts

126. Wieliczka Salt Mine, Poland
Photo date 9/97; © by J.S. Aber
Great cathedral, a large chamber carved entirely within salt, including floor,
walls, ceiling, and decorations. Chandeliers are made with salt crystals.
Photo date 9/97; © by J.S. Aber
Closeup view of the cathedral's altar.

127. Wieliczka Salt Mine Virtual Tour
St. Anthony’s Chapel, built between
St. John Chapel built ~1859

128. An underground halite (salt) mine

129. Salts and Other minerals
Ex: 2. Manganese nodules
Formed in deep ocean basins

130. Formed in deep ocean basins Origin unknown
Other minerals
Manganese nodules
Formed in deep ocean basins
Origin unknown

131. Formed in deep ocean basins Origin unknown
Other minerals
Manganese nodules
Formed in deep ocean basins
Origin unknown

132. Formed in deep ocean basins Origin unknown
Other minerals
Manganese nodules
Formed in deep ocean basins
Origin unknown

133. Rock, Sand and Gravel
EX: Limestone (Valley and Ridge province) and sand and gravel (Coastal Plain) in Virginia for construction

134. Minerals video

135. Extra credit opportunity:
Mohs scale puzzle in notes (complete before you turn in your notes tomorrow!!)
Be sure to bring your book tomorrow (for Ch. 3 Vocabulary).
Clicker Review