1. Muscles Bone,Cartilage

3. 4 Unique Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
Excitability is equated with responsiveness.
Contractility causes the fiber to shorten resulting in either a pull on bones or the movement of specific body parts.
Elasticity is the muscle’s ability to return to its original length when tension is released.
Extensibility is capability of extending in length in response to the contraction of opposing muscle fibers.

4. Skeletal Muscles Skeletal muscle Vessels Nerves Tendon Epimysium
Perimysium
Muscle fascicle
Endomysium
Muscle fiber

6. Skeletal Muscles Voluntary muscles
head : The original of a muscle
belly.The contractile part
Origin: attachment that moves the least
Insertion: attachment that moves the most
Muscle
Under varying circumstances the degree of mobility of the attachments may be reversed; therefore, the terms origin and insertion are interchangeable

7. Skeletal Muscles Tendon
a cord of connective tissue into which muscles fibers end by which a muscle is attached to bone or other structures
Tendon

8. Nerve Supply of Skeletal Muscle
The nerve trunk to a muscle is a mixed nerve
about 60% is motor and 40% is sensory
it also contains some sympathetic autonomic fibers.
Motor Point
The place of entrance of the nerve into the muscle
at about the midpoint on its deep surface, often near the margin
This arrangement allows the muscle to move with minimum interference with the nerve trunk
Motor neuron
Motor point

9. Skeletal Muscle Action
Prime mover:
The chief muscle or member of a chief group of muscles responsible for a particular movement.
Antagonist:
Any muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover
Before a prime mover can contract, the antagonist muscle must be equally relaxed
this is brought about by nervous reflex inhibition
Prime mover
Antagonist
Prime mover
Antagonist
Extending knee
Flexion knee

10. Skeletal Muscle Action
Fixator:
contracts isometrically to stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that it can act efficiently.
Synergists
assist the prime mover in performing its action.
may also assist an agonist by preventing movement at a joint and thereby stabilizing the origin of the agonist
Fixator
Prime mover

11. Skeletal Muscles Prime mover Prime mover Synergist Synergist
many muscles can act as a prime mover, an antagonist, a fixator, or a synergist, depending on the movement to be accomplished
Prime mover
Synergist
Synergist
Prime mover

12. Naming Muscles
Skeletal muscles are named according to certain criteria
A. Location- may indicate bone or body region that muscle is associated with
B. Shape- Muscles often have a definitive shape, after which they are name
Ex. Deltoid means triangle (and the deltoid muscle is triangular)
C. Relative Size
1. Maximus= largest
2. Minimus= smallest
3. Longus= long
4. Brevis= short
Ex. Gluteus maximus (larger)
and minimus (smaller)

13. Naming Muscle
D. Direction of Muscle Fibers - may reflect the direction of the fibers in relation to midline or other axis
1. Rectus= straight (runs parallel)
2. Transversus/oblique ( right angles)/ obliquely
Ex. Rectus femoris- muscle that runs parallel with the femur
E. Number of Origins
1. Biceps= two origins
2. Triceps= three origins
3. Quadriceps= four origins
Ex. Biceps Brachii
F. Location of origin and insertions
1. may be named according to the attachment points
2. Origin is always named first
Ex. Sternocleidomastoid (dual origin on sternum and clavicle; insertion on mastoid process

14. Naming Muscle
G. Action
1. Uses words such as flexor, extensor, or adductor
Ex. Adductor longus on thigh adducts the thigh
H. Sometimes several criteria are combined in a name.
Ex. Extensor carpi radialis longus
1. muscle’s action (extensor)
2. joint it acts on (carpi= wrist)
3. Where it is (radialis = radius of forearm)
4. size (long relative to other wrist muscles

15. Naming Of Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscles
Naming Of Skeletal Muscle
Shape
Shape
Name
Triangular
Deltoid
Round
Teres
Straight
Rectus
Size
Size
Name
Large
Major
Broadest
Latissimus
Longest
Longissimus

16. Naming Of Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscles
Naming Of Skeletal Muscle
Number of heads or bellies
Number of heads or bellies
Name
Two heads
Biceps
Four heads
Quadriceps
Two bellies
Digastric
Position
Position
Name
Of the chest
Pectoralis
Above spine of scapula
Supraspinatus
Of the arm
Brachii

17. Naming Of Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscles
Naming Of Skeletal Muscle
Depth
Depth
Name
Deep
Profundus
Superficial
Superficialis
External
Externus
Attachments
Attachment
Name
From sternum and clavicle to mastoid process
Sternocleidomastoid
From coracoid process to arm
Corachobrachialis

18. Naming Of Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscles
Naming Of Skeletal Muscle
Action
Action
Name
Extend
Extensor
Flex
Flexor
Constrict
Constrictor

19. Smooth Muscles
Composed of short muscle fibers that have a fusiform shape and single centrally located nucleus
Contraction is slow, resistant to fatigue, and usually sustained for an extended period of time.
Takes longer than skeletal muscle to contract and relax.
Contraction is under involuntary control.
Peristalsis: propulsion of contents

20. Cardiac Muscles
Striated muscle fibers that branch and unite with each other
Conducting system of the heart: specialized cardiac fibers

21. Bone Function of bones Bone Compact bone: Solid mass
a special form of connective tissue in which calcium salts are deposited and which provides a framework, or skeleton, for the other tissues of the body.
Bone
Compact bone: Solid mass
Cancellous bone: Branching network of trabecula
Function of bones
The rigid supporting framework of the body
Levers for muscles
Protection to certain viscera (e.g., brain, spinal cord, heart, lung, liver, bladder)
Contain marrow, which is factory for blood cells
Storehouse of calcium and phosphate

23. Bone Number of bones Region of skeleton Regionally Axial skeleton
Skull 8
Cranium 14
Face 6
Auditory ossicles 1
Hyoid 26
Vertebrae
Sternum 24
Ribs
Appendicular skeleton
Shoulder girdles 2
Clavicle 2
Scapula

24. 206 Number of bones Region of skeleton Upper extremities 2 Humerus 2
Radius 2
Ulna 16
Carpals 10
Metacarpals 28
Phalanges
Pelvic girdle 2
Hip bone
Lower extremities 2
Femur 2
Patella 2
Fibula 2
Tibia
206 14
Tarsals 10
Metatarsals 28
Phalanges

25. Bone

26. Bone General Shape Long bones Long bones
Their length is greater than their breadth
Found in the limbs (e.g., the humerus, femur, metacarpals, metatarsal, and phalanges)
Long bones

27. Bone General Shape Short bones Short bones
They are roughly cuboidal shape
Found in hand and foot (e.g., the scaphoid, launate, talus, and calcaneum).
Short bones

28. Bone General Shape Flat bones Flat bones
They are composed of thin inner and outer layers of compact bones, the tables, separated by a layer of cancellous bone ,the diploe
Found in the vault of the skull (e.g., the frontal and parietal bones)
Flat bones

29. Bone General Shape Irregular bones Irregular bones
Thin shell of compact bone with an interior made up of cancellous bone
E.g., bones of skull, the vertebra, and the pelvic bones)
Irregular bones

30. Bone General Shape Sesamoid bones Sesamoid bones
Small nodules of bone that are found in certain tendons where they rub over bony surfaces
E.g., patella..
Sesamoid bones

31. Bone Periosteum Bone marrow Periosteum Development of bone
the fibrous covering of a bone.
Periosteum

32. Every bump, groove, and hole has a name on your bones
BONE MARKINGS
Every bump, groove, and hole has a name on your bones

33. Bone Markings Two types of bone markings:
Projections (aka processes) that grow out from the bone
Depressions (cavities) that indent the bone

34. Joint Projections
1) Condyle: Rounded articular projection
Condyle

35. Joint Projections 2) Head: bony expansion on a narrow neck
3) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface

36. Joint Projections
4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone

37. Ligament/Tendon Projections
1) Crest: Narrow ridge of bone (Line: smaller than a crest)
2) Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle

38. Proximal Tibia 3) Tubercle: Small rounded projection
4) Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection
5) Trochanter: very large, blunt projection
(only on femur)
Proximal Tibia

39. 6) Spine: Sharp, pointed projection
Thoracic Vertebrae

40. DEPRESSIONS Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass through.
1) Meatus: (me - A- tus) Canal or tube

41. Depressions 2) Fossa: shallow basin
3) Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening

42. Depressions Foramen Magnum
4) Sinus: Cavity within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membranes
5) Foramen: Round or oval opening
Foramen Magnum

43. Depressions
6) Sulcus, Groove or Furrow: a shallow depression

44. Review: Projections Condyle Head Facet Ramus Crest Epicondyle Tubercle
Tuberosity
Trochanter
Spine
Depressions
Meatus
Fossa
Fissure
Sinus
Sulcus or Groove or Furrow

45. Bone Development The process of bone tissue formation, which leads to:
Osteogenesis and ossification:
The process of bone tissue formation, which leads to:
The formation of the bony skeleton in embryos
Bone growth until early adulthood
Bone thickness, remodeling, and fracture repair

46. Bone Growth - Ossification
Cartilage template laid down.
Osteoblasts (bone building cells) located in Ossification Centers.

47. Bone Growth - Ossification
Primary Ossification Center in diaphasis.
Secondary Ossification Centers in epiphisis.

48. Bone Growth - Ossification
Grow toward one another, cartilage remains between them.
As long as cartilage remains undamaged, growth can occur.

49. Endochondral Ossification
Begins in the second month of development
Uses hyaline cartilage “bones” as models for bone construction
Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification

50. Stages of Endochondral Ossification
Formation of bone collar
Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage
Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud, and spongy bone formation
Formation of the medullary cavity; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses
Ossification of the epiphyses, with hyaline cartilage remaining only in the epiphyseal plates

51. Stages of Endochondral Ossification
Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model. 1 2 3 4
Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model.
Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation. 5
Ossification of the epiphyses; when completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
Formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5.
Hyaline cartilage
Primary ossification center
Bone collar
Deteriorating cartilage matrix
Spongy bone formation
Blood vessel of periosteal bud
Secondary ossification center
Epiphyseal blood vessel
Medullary cavity
Epiphyseal plate cartilage
Spongy bone
Articular cartilage

52. Cartilage
Form of connective tissue in which cells and fibers are embedded in
gel-like matrix
Cartilage

53. Hyaline cartilage Hyaline cartilage
High proportion of amorphous matrix that has the same refractive index as the fibers embedded in it
Hyaline cartilage

54. Fibro Cartilage Fibro cartilage
Has many collagen fibers embedded in a small amount of matrix
Fibro Cartilage

55. Elastic Cartilage Elastic cartilage
Possesses large numbers of elastic fibers embedded in matrix
Elastic Cartilage

57. Joints
places where bones meet each other (articulate).

58. Classification of Joints
Fibrous Joints
dense connective tissues connect bones
between bones in close contact
synarthrotic
immovable
amphiarthrotic
slightly movable
diarthrotic
freely movable
Cartilaginous Joints
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones
Synovial Joints
most complex
allow free movement

59. Fibrous Joints Syndesmosis
3 Types
Syndesmosis
Suture
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis
a sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue connects bones
amphiarthrotic
lies between tibia and fibula

60. Fibrous Joints Suture between flat bones synarthrotic
thin layer of connective tissue connects bones
Gomphosis
cone-shaped bony process in a socket
tooth in jawbone
synarthrotic

61. Cartilaginous Joints Synchondrosis
2 Types
Synchondrosis
Symphysis
Synchondrosis
bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones
epiphyseal plate (temporary)
between manubrium and first rib
synarthrotic

62. Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis pad of fibrocartilage between bones
pubis symphysis
joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
amphiarthrotic

65. Joints Synovial joint Capsule Disc Ligament
Where a space intervenes between the articulating ends of bones, the joint is called a synovial joint (i.e. most of the joints of the body. Knee, shoulder…..).
articular capsule encloses the joint.
lined by a synovial membrane which secretes a lubricating fluid (synovial fluid)
a fibrous or membranous envelope surrounding an organ.
An articular capsule surrounds each synovial joint, being attached to the bones just beyond the limits of the joint cavity.
Capsule
a flat round structure usually applied to plates of cartilage in joints.
Disc
a band of fibrous connective tissue by which bones are connected to each other.
Ligament

66. General Anatomy of Synovial Joints
Basic features:
articular capsule
joint cavity
synovial fluid
articular cartilage
ligaments
nerves
blood vessels

67. Joints
Synovial joint

69. Joints Synovial joint Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Ellipsoid Saddle
Ball
and
socket

70. Joints Synovial joint Example Movement Articular shape Types of joints
*Sternoclavicular
*Acromioclavicular
Slide one another
Flat
Plane

71. Joints Synovial joint Example Movement Articular shape Types of joints
*Interphalangeal joints of hand & foot;
*Knee
*Elbow
Motion in one plane; flexion. extension
Flat, planar
Hinge

73. Joints Synovial joint Example Movement Articular shape Types of joints
Atlantoaxial
rotation
Central bony pivot is surrounded by bony - ligmentous ring
Pivot

74. Joints Synovial joint Example Movement shape Types of joints
*Metacarpophalangeal
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
small rotation
Convex or concave
Condyloid

75. Joints Synovial joint Example Movement Articular shape Types of joints
*Wrist joint
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
Elliptical convex fits into an elliptical concave
Ellipsoid

76. Joints Synovial joint Example Movement Articular shape Types of joints
*Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation
Reciprocally concavo-convex
Saddle

77. Joints Synovial joint Example Movement Articular shape Types of joints
*Shoulder
*hip
Wide-ranging flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
Convex surface in concave cavity
Spheroidal (ball & socket)

79. Joints

80. Joints
Stability Of joints
Articular
surfaces

81. Joints
Stability Of joints
Ligaments

82. Joints
Stability Of joints
Muscle
tone

83. Mobility and Stability in Joints
Motion permitted ranges from none to various extensive motions.
Structure determines both its mobility and its stability.
more mobile = less stable

84. Ligaments Ligament Fibrous Elastic Iliofemoral ligament of the hip
a band of fibrous connective tissue by which bones are connected to each other.
Ligament
Fibrous
Elastic
Unstrechable under normal condition
Regain its original length after
Stretching
Iliofemoral ligament of the hip
Ligamentum flavum

85. Ligaments

86. Ligaments

87. Bursa
A membranous sac containing a small amount of viscous fluid.
A bursa is usually found in tissues where friction develops, such as where a tendon crosses a bony prominence.
A bursa may form synovial sheaths to surround tendons as they cross other tendons or bone.
Bursa

89. Synovial sheath Synovial sheath Tubular bursa that surrounds a tendon
tendon become suspended within bursa by a mesotendon
Synovial sheath

90. Synovial sheath

92. Thank you