1. Gender of Nouns

2. A noun is a word used to denote a person, place, thing, or idea.
Gender of Nouns
A noun is a word used to denote a person, place, thing, or idea.
Person: John, girl, dentist
Place: garden, university, Venezuela
Thing: book, car, tomato
Idea: liberty, despair, intelligence

3. In Spanish, all nouns are either masculine or feminine.
el chico
la chica
boy
girl
el jardín
la universidad
garden
university
el libro
la revista
book
magazine
el miedo
la libertad
fear
liberty

4. man woman tiger actor actress
The idea that nouns have gender seems perfectly natural when the noun stands for a living creature. This is because in English, living creatures often have different names, depending upon whether they are male or female.
Masculine
Feminine
man
woman
tiger
tigress
actor
actress

5. The following Spanish nouns all denote living creatures…
el gato
la gata
el perro
la perra
el chico
la chica
el abuelo
la abuela
male cat
female cat
male dog
female dog
boy
girl
grandfather
grandmother

6. How are all of these masculine nouns alike?
Hint: look at both the beginning and the ending of each line
el gato
el perro
el chico
el abuelo

7. How are all of these feminine nouns alike?
Hint: look at both the beginning and the ending of each line.
la gata
la perra
la chica
la abuela

8. All masculine and feminine Spanish nouns are marked by masculine or feminine articles.
Singular el la
Plural
los
las

9. ALL nouns that end in -sión, -ción, -dad, -tad, -tud, -umbre are feminine.
la certidumbre- certainty
la muchedumbre- crowd
la conversación- conversation
la habitación- bedroom
la televisión- television
la decisión- decision
la actitud- attitude
la gratitud- grattitude
la dificultad- difficulty
la libertad- liberty
la ciudad- city
la universidad- university

10. Some nouns that end in -a are masculine.
el problema- problem
el día- day
el telegrama- telegram
el clima- climate
el programa- program
el planeta- planet
el mapa- map
el tema- theme
el agua- water
el idioma- language
el poema- poem
el sofá- sofa

11. Many nouns that end in -ma are masculine
Many nouns that end in -ma are masculine. Notice that the following eight nouns listed below end in -ma.
el tema
el idioma
el clima
el poema
el programa
el telegrama
el problema
el sistema
Note: A few nouns that end in -ma are feminine, such as la cama and la pluma.

12. **There are some exceptions to these two rules.**
“Genderalizations”
You will ALWAYS be able to tell the gender of a noun by the article (el, la, los, las or un, una, unos, unas).
You cannot predict the gender of a noun, EXCEPT in the case of living creatures.
In MOST cases, nouns that end in -o are USUALLY masculine and nouns that end in -a are usually feminine.
**There are some exceptions to these two rules.**

13. ¡Práctica!
Gender of Nouns Part I
Gender of Nouns Part II
*quiz*

14. Plural Forms of Nouns

15. If a noun ends in a vowel, make it plural by adding -s.
Book: El Libro
Libro + (s)
= Los Libros
Pen: La Pluma
Pluma + (s)
=Las Plumas
Dog: El Perro
Perro + (s)
= Los Perros
Finger: El Dedo
Dedo + (s)
= Los Dedos

16. If a noun ends in a consonant, make it plural by adding -es.
Eraser: El Borrador
Borrador + (es)
= Los Borradores
University: La Universidad
Universidad + (es)
=Las Universidades
Professor: El Profesor
Profesor + (es)
= Los Profesores
City: La Ciudad
Ciudad + (es)
= Las Ciudades

17. If a noun ends in -ión, add -es and drop the written accent.
Airplane : El Avión
Avión + (es) – (´)
= Los Aviones
Conversation: La Conversación
Conversación + (es) – (´)
=Las Conversaciones
Section: La Sección
Sección + (es) – (´)
= Las Secciones
Television: La Televisión
Televisión + (es) – (´)
= LasTelevisiones

18. If a noun ends in -z, add -es and change the z to c.
Pencil: El Lápiz
Lápiz – (z) + (c) +(es)
= Los Lápices
Voice: La Voz
Voz– (z) + (c) +(es)
= Las Voces
Nose: La Nariz
Nariz– (z) + (c) +(es)
= Las Narices
Actress: La Actriz
Actriz– (z) + (c) +(es)
= Las Actrices

19. When the plural refers to two or more nouns of different genders, the masculine plural is used.
2 perros + 6 perras = 8 perros (not perras) 8 chicas + 2 chicos = 10 gatos (not chicas)

20. Review If a noun ends in a vowel, simply add -s.
If a noun ends in a consonant, simply add
-es.
If a noun ends in a -z, change the z to c before adding -es.
If a noun ends in ión, drop the written accent before adding -es.
If the plural refers to a mixed group, use the masculine.

21. ¡Práctica!
Plural Forms of Nouns
*quiz*

22. Articles
Definite & Indefinite

23. The difference between definite articles and indefinite articles can be observed in the two sentences below. What are some differences and/or similarities you notice between the two?
Give me a cookie, please.
Give me the chocolate chip cookie, please.

24. MUST AGREE IN NUMBER AND IN GENDER WITH THE NOUN THEY ARE RELATING TO.
Imagine a plate full of cookies. There are peanut butter cookies, sugar cookies, gingerbread cookies, snickerdoodles, Oreo cookies and just one Chocolate chip.
The difference between definite and indefinite articles is the difference between talking about a specific cookie, or any cookie from the plate.
Your definite articles in Spanish are used a lot like adjectives in Spanish. This means they
MUST AGREE IN NUMBER AND IN GENDER WITH THE NOUN THEY ARE RELATING TO.

25. el gato the male cat los gatos the male cats la gata the female cat
In Spanish, the definite article has 4 forms, depending on whether the noun is masculine, feminine, singular or plural.
el gato
the male cat
los gatos
the male cats
la gata
the female cat
las gatas
the female cats
Note: The masculine plural definite and indefinite articles (los, unos) are also used to indicate a group of mixed gender. Thus, "los gatos" could refer to a group of 10 male cats, or it could refer to a group of 9 female cats and one male cat.

26. In English, the indefinite article is the word "a," "an," or "some."
In Spanish, the indefinite article ALSO has 4 forms, depending on whether the noun is masculine, feminine, singular or plural.
un gato
a male cat
unos gatos
some male cats
una gata
a female cat
unas gatas
some female cats

27. ¡Práctica!
Articles: Definite & Indefinite
*quiz*

28. Adjective/Noun Agreement

29. You already know that ALL nouns in Spanish have gender and that no matter WHAT they are (persona, lugar, cosa o idea) they must fall under the classification of either MASCULINE or FEMININE.
El chico Pablo
La chica Ana
Los libros
Las reglas.

30. N A In Spanish, ADJECTIVES also have gender.
Most masculine adjectives (like nouns) end with the letter -O.
Most feminine adjectives (like nouns) end with the letter -a.
The gender of a Spanish adjective is determined by the noun it is describing.
In Spanish, the adjective MUST agree in NUMBER and GENDER with the noun it is describing. N A

31. Las Reglas (the rules)
Adjectives that end in –e are GENDER NEUTRAL and can be used to describe both masculine AND feminine nouns.
If an adjective ends in a consonant DO NOT add an –a to make it feminine…. UNLESS it ends in –or(a).
The gender rule for mixed groups also applies to ADJECTIVES….use the masculine form.

32. Las Reglas del Emplazamiento (Rules of placement)
Adjectives that describe QUANTITY/NUMBER, in a sentence, usually come BEFORE the noun.
EX) mucho dinero= a lot of money
EX) pocas casas = few houses
Adjectives that describe a PHYSICAL STATE usually come AFTER the noun.
EX) El chico alto= the tall boy
EX) La chica bonita = the pretty girl

33. ¡Práctica!
Adjective/Noun Agreement

34. Subject Pronouns

35. A noun is ANY person, place, thing or idea
A noun is ANY person, place, thing or idea. A subject is the part of a sentence (the person, place, thing or idea) that does/performs the action. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. When you put the two together, you get what is called a SUBJECT PRONOUN!!!!

36. Spanish Subject Pronouns
Let’s check out this video about Spanish Subject Pronouns!
Pronoun Paradise

37. TÚ YO ÉL ELLA USTED ELLOS ELLAS USTEDES NOSOTROS NOSOTRAS VOSOTROS
In English, the words "I" "you" "he" "she" "we" "y’all" and "they" are called subject pronouns. These are the words you use to replace the “proper name” of the subject of your sentence. YO
NOSOTROS
NOSOTRAS TÚ
VOSOTROS
VOSOTRAS ÉL
ELLA
USTED
ELLOS
ELLAS
USTEDES
Spanish has subject pronouns that are similar to the subject pronouns we use in English.
HERE
is a list of the English subject pronouns and their Spanish equivalents:
**The vosotros form is used ONLY in Spain. Throughout Latin America, "ustedes" is generally used in both formal and informal situations to refer to "you-all.“**

38. Spanish subject pronouns are both similar to and different from their English counterparts. One of the major differences is found in the Spanish and English subject pronouns for "you.”
There are two ways the English word "you" can be expressed in Spanish:
Spanish has a formal and an informal form of the word "you." "Usted" is more formal and is generally used to express respect. "Tú" is more familiar and is used among friends, coworkers, relatives, or when addressing a child.
Usted - you (formal)
Tú - you (familiar)

39. ¡Práctica!
Subject Pronouns
*quiz*

40. Conjugating Verbs

41. to live vivir to leave salir to swim nadar to eat comer to sit sentar
If a verb HAS NOT been changed to fit with a particular subject. It is in its INFINITIVE FORM. In Spanish, there are THREE kinds of infinitive verbs, and ALL of them will end with –ar, -er, or –ir. If a verb ends with –ar, -er, or –ir, that means it has NOT been CONJUGATED and its English translation will ALWAYS begin with “to.”
to run correr
to sit sentar
to eat comer
to leave salir
to swim nadar
to live vivir

42. Conjugating Verbs
In order to make a Spanish INFINITIVE verb fit with a particular subject, we must conjugate it. When you conjugate a verb, you change the ending so that it matches up with the subject. There is a very particular way this is done for regular verbs.

43. Spanish I Assessment Review
Ahora vamos a repasar preguntas directamente del examen de Español Uno……