1. Fall Review Señora Gaona Español

2. Chicos y Chicas… Before you begin your day, remember what I expect from you as a class and as individual students. Be respectful, do what is asked of you, and work quietly.

3. Campanita 1. Which word is masculine? la casa la mesa el libro la ventana 2. Which word is feminine? el chico el hermano el abuelo la hermana

4. MasculineFeminine el chicola chica boygirl el jardínla universidad gardenuniversity el librola revista bookmagazine el miedola libertad fearliberty In Spanish, all nouns are either masculine or feminine.

5. The idea that nouns have gender seems perfectly natural when the noun stands for a living creature. This is because in English, living creatures often have different names, depending upon whether they are male or female. Masculine Feminine man woman tiger tigress

6. The following Spanish nouns all denote living creatures. Gato/Gata Perro/Perra Abuelo/Abuela

7. How are these nouns alike? El perro/La perra El chico/La chica El abuelo/La abuela El gato/La gata

8. "El" and "la" both mean "the." el chico (the boy) la chica (the girl) el perro (the male dog) la gata (the female cat)

9. Nouns that end in -o are usually masculine. Nouns that end in -a are usually feminine. Notice the word usually! There are exceptions to these two rules and you will soon be learning them.

10. One cannot predict the gender of a noun that stands for a non-living thing. Try to predict whether the Spanish words for the following things are masculine or feminine: Masculine or feminine? book house money window

11. Take a guess. Do you think the Spanish word for "dress" is masculine or feminine? You might expect it to be feminine, since a dress is an article of clothing worn by females. Actually, the word for "dress" is a masculine word: el vestido

12. Take another guess. Do you think the Spanish word for "necktie" is masculine or feminine? You might expect it to be masculine, since a necktie is an article of clothing worn by males. Actually, the word for "necktie" is a feminine word: la corbata

13. When you learn a new noun, you should also learn its definite article (el, la). There are several reasons for this: Because you cannot predict the gender of most nouns. Because not every noun that ends in -o is masculine, and not every noun that ends in -a is feminine. Because many nouns end in letters other than o or a. Because the definite article (el, la) is your clue as to whether a noun is masculine or feminine.

14. If a noun ends in a vowel, make it plural by adding -s. libro: libros (libro + s) pluma: plumas (pluma + s) chico: chicos (chico + s) señora: señoras (señora + s)

16. The definite articles (el, la) also change in the plural form. They become "los" and "las." The definite articles will be covered in depth in the next lesson. el libro: los libros la pluma: las plumas el chico: los chicos la señora: las señoras

17. If a noun ends in a consonant, make it plural by adding -es. el borrador: los borradores (borrador + es) la universidad: las universidades (universidad + es) el profesor: los profesores (profesor + es) la ciudad: las ciudades (ciudad + es)

18. If a noun ends in -ión, add -es and drop the written accent. el avión: los aviones la conversación: las conversaciones la sección: las secciones la televisión: las televisiones

19. If a noun ends in -z, add -es and change the z to c. el lápiz: los lápices la voz: las voces la actriz: las actrices

20. When the plural refers to two or more nouns of different genders, the masculine plural is used. 2 perros + 6 perras = 8 perros (not perras) 1 gato + 8 gatas = 9 gatos (not gatas)

21. Here are the numbers 1-10 1. uno 2. dos 3. tres 4. cuatro 5. cinco 6. seis 7. siete 8. ocho 9. nueve 10. diez This is what you guys look like when I speak to you in Spanish

22. The number "one" changes from "uno" to "un" before a masculine noun. un libro one book un perro one dog (male) un hombre one man

23. The number "one" changes from "uno" to "una" before a feminine noun. una pluma one pen una gata one cat (female) una chica one girl

24. When counting generically (one, two, three...) use "uno" but when counting specifically (one cat, one dog), use "un" or "una." un libro one book una pluma one pen uno, dos, tres one, two, three

25. A verb is an action word. run sit eat sink swim study

26. The main form of a verb is called the infinitive. In English, infinitives include the word "to." to run to sit to eat to sink to swim to study

27. The infinitive is the pure form of a verb. The infinitive is like a lump of clay that can be molded to match the subject of the sentence it is used in: I speak you speak he/she speaks we speak you-all* speak they speak

28. The words "I" "you" "he" "she" "we" "you-all" and "they" are called subject pronouns. Spanish has corresponding subject pronouns. Here's a list of the English subject pronouns and their Spanish equivalents:

29. Yo I T ú You usted you él he ella she nosotros we ustedes you-all Ellos they

30. Spanish subject pronouns are both similar to and different from their English counterparts. Let's examine some of the differences. Look more closely at the English word "you." You have just seen that this can be translated into Spanish as "usted." But there is also a second way it can be translated. There are two ways the English word "you" can be expressed in Spanish: usted you tú you

31. Spanish has a formal and an informal form of the word "you." "Usted" is more formal and is generally used to express respect. "Tú" is more familiar and is used among friends, coworkers, relatives, or when addressing a child. Speaking to your boss: usted Speaking to your daughter: tú Speaking to your teacher: usted Speaking to your friend: tú

32. In many ways, Spanish is more gender-specific than English. We find evidence of this in the subject pronouns. First, look at the word "nosotros." This means "we" in the sense of a group containing at least one male. If the group contains only females, the word "nosotras" is used. So, in Spanish, there are two ways to say "we": nosotros we (masculine or mixed group) nosotras we (feminine)

33. This same idea applies to the English word "they": ellos they (masculine or mixed group) ellas they (feminine)

34. Here's the complete list of Spanish subject pronouns: Singular yo - I tú - you (familiar) él - he ella - she usted - you (formal)

35. Plural nosotros we (masculine or mixed gender) nosotras we (feminine) vosotros you-all (familiar, Spain, masculine or mixed gender) vosotras you-all (familiar, Spain, feminine) ellos they (masculine or mixed gender) ellas they (feminine) ustedes you-all (formal in Spain, formal and familiar in Latin America)

36. This is a good time to discuss the verb "gustar" because using it requires use of the IO pronouns. Me gusta el cuarto. I like the room. Nos gustan los libros. We like the books. GUSTAR

37. In English, the following sentences are correct: I like the room. We like the books.

38. Examine the same sentences more closely. I like the room. I = subject of sentence like = verb the room = direct object We like the books. We = subject of sentence like = verb the books = direct object

39. n English, it is correct to construct a sentence that has the subject "liking" a direct object. In Spanish, this never occurs. In Spanish, a different construction is used. English: I like the room. Spanish: The room is pleasing to me. English: We like the books. Spanish: The books are pleasing to us.

40. The first thing you need to notice is that both versions really mean the same thing. They are merely different expressions of the same idea. Idea: My feelings with regard to the book are positive. English Way: I like the book. Spanish Way: The book is pleasing to me.

41. The second thing to notice is that in English, the subject of the sentence is the person (I, we) while in Spanish the subject of the sentence is the object (room, books). The room is pleasing to me. Subject: The room I like the room. Subject: I

42. Finally notice that while the English sentence has a direct object, the Spanish sentence has an indirect object. The room is pleasing to me. me = Indirect Object I like the room. room = Direct Object

43. Let's study the following example: Me gustan los libros. Literal Translation: To me the books are pleasing. Actual Translation: I like the books.

44. Notice that gustar is conjugated as "gustan" not "gusto." A common mistake is to say "Me gusto los libros." This is incorrect because the subject of the sentence is "los libros" even though it comes at the end. Remember, the verb is conjugated to agree with the subject of the sentence. Me gustan los libros. (I like the books.)

45. Notice that the conjugation of gustar changes to "gusta" when the subject of the sentence is singular. Me gusta el libro. (I like the book.)

46. Since the subject of the sentence must be either singular (book) or plural (books), the only forms of gustar you will use are "gusta" and "gustan." This is true regardless of what IO pronoun appears in the sentence. Me gusta el libro. I like the book. Te gusta el libro. You like the book. Nos gusta el libro. We like the book. Me gustan los libros. I like the books. Te gustan los libros. You like the books. Nos gustan los libros. We like the books.

47. Remember, gustar becomes either gusta or gustan, depending upon whether the subject of the sentence is singular or plural. It has nothing to do with which IO pronoun is used. Subject is singular - use gusta Me gusta el libro. Te gusta el libro. Subject is plural - use gustan Me gustan los libros. Te gustan los libros.

48. Ejemplos Singular Subject Plural Subject Me gusta la casa. Me gustan las casas. Te gusta el cuarto. Te gustan los cuartos. Le gusta la silla. Le gustan las sillas. Nos gusta el hotel. Nos gustan los hoteles. Les gusta el reloj. Les gustan los relojes.

49. Look more closely at one example: Le gusta la silla. It is impossible to tell whether this means: He likes the chair. She likes the chair. You (usted) like the chair.

50. For purposes of clarification, the sentence will often begin with a prepositional phrase that clarifies just who the IO pronoun refers to. A él le gusta la silla. He likes the chair. A Juan le gusta la silla. John likes the chair. A ella le gusta la silla. She likes the chair. A María le gusta la silla. Mary likes the chair. A usted le gusta la silla. You (formal) like the chair.

51. You can also use a prepositional phrase to add emphasis, even if there is no ambiguity. 1. A Juan le gusta el café. John likes coffee. 2. A mí me gusta el té. I like tea.

52. Now that you know how to correctly use the verb gustar, here is a list of verbs that operate in the same manner: aburrir to bore fascinar to be fascinating to importar to be important to caer bien (mal) to (not) suit interesar to be interesting to molestar to be a bother parecer to appear to be doler (o:ue) to be painful picar to itch encantar to "love" something quedar to be left over, remain faltar to be lacking something volver (o:ue) loco to be crazy about

53. www.senoralorena2015-16.weebly.com Copy this website if you need to catch up or if you have missed notes from a previous day