1. CIS 212 Microcomputer Architecture Day 3
Rhys Eric Rosholt
Office:
Office Phone:
Web Site:
Address:
Gillet Hall - Room 304
lehman.cuny.edu

2. Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems Architecture

3. Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems Architecture
Automated Computation
Computer Capabilities
Computer Hardware
Computer System Classes
The Role of Software
Economics of System and Application Development Software
Computer Networks

4. Computer Capabilities
Processing
Storage
Communication

5. Processor Device that performs
data manipulation and transformation functions
Computation
Comparison
Data movement
memory
mass storage
input/output devices

6. Processor Terminology
Instructions
Programs
Processor types
General-purpose
Special-purpose
Formulas and algorithms
Comparisons and branching

7. A Formulaic Program 10 INPUT QUANTITY_SOLD 20 INPUT SELLING_PRICE
30 INTERMEDIATE_RESULT = QUANTITY_SOLD * SELLING_PRICE
40 GROSS_PROFIT = INTERMEDIATE_RESULT – SELLING_EXPENSES
50 OUTPUT GROSS PROFIT
60 END

8. An Algorithmic Program
10 INPUT INCOME
20 IF INCOME > THEN GOTO 50
30 TAX = INCOME * 0.10
40 GOTO 180
50 IF INCOME > THEN GOTO 80
60 TAX = ((INCOME – ) * 0.15)
70 GOTO 180
80 IF INCOME > THEN GOTO 110
90 TAX = ((INCOME – ) * 0.25)
100 GOTO 180
110 IF INCOME > THEN GOTO 140
120 TAX = ((INCOME – ) * 0.28)
130 GOTO 180
140 IF INCOME > THEN GOTO 170
150 TAX = ((INCOME – ) * 0.33)
160 GOTO 180
170 TAX = ((INCOME – ) * 0.35)
180 OUTPUT TAX
190 END

9. Storage Capacity Types of information to be stored
Intermediate processing results
Data
Programs
Characteristics of storage devices vary widely
Cost
Access speed
Reliability

10. Input/Output Capability
Must encompass many
communication modes
For humans:
Sound, text, and graphics
For other computers:
Electronic or optical communication

11. The Primary Functions of Computer Hardware

12. Components of a Computer System

13. Central Processing Unit
General-purpose processor
Executes all instructions
computation functions
comparison functions
Directs all data movement

14. Components of The Central Processing Unit

15. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
CPU Components
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Contains electrical circuits that implement each instruction
Registers
Internal storage locations that can each hold a single instruction or data item
Control unit
Controls movement of data to and from CPU
Accesses program instructions and issues appropriate commands to ALU

16. System Bus
Internal communication channel that connects all other hardware devices
Primary pathway for moving data and instructions among hardware components
Capacity is critical to performance, secondary storage, and I/O device performance

17. Primary Storage (Main Memory)
Holds program instructions and data for currently executing programs
Implemented with random access memory (RAM)
Provides access speed and allows CPU to read or write to specific memory locations
Volatile; does not provide permanent storage

18. Secondary Storage
Composed of high-capacity nonvolatile storage devices that hold:
Programs not currently being executed
Data not needed by currently executing programs
Data needed by currently executing programs that does not fit within available primary storage

19. Comparison of Storage Types

20. Input/Output Devices Implement external communication functions
Human-oriented communication devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, printer)
Computer-oriented communication devices (e.g., modem, network interface unit)

21. Computer System Classes
Microcomputer
Meets information processing needs of single user
Midrange computer
Supports many programs and users simultaneously
Mainframe
Handles information processing needs of large number of users and applications
Designed for large amounts of data storage and access
Supercomputer
Designed for rapid mathematical computation

27. Multicomputer Configurations
Any organization of multiple computers to support a specific set of services or applications
Common configurations
Cluster
Blade
Grid

28. Cluster
Group of similar or identical computers that cooperate to provide services or execute a common application
Connected by high-speed network
Typically located close to one another
Advantages: scalability and fault tolerance
Disadvantages: complex configuration and administration

29. Blade
Circuit board that contains most of a server computer; a specialized cluster
Same advantages and disadvantages as a cluster, but also:
Concentrate more computing power in less space
Are simpler to modify

30. Grid
Group of dissimilar computer systems, connected by high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or execute a common application
Computers may be in separate rooms, buildings, or continents
Computers work cooperatively at some times, independently at others

31. Bigger Isn’t Always Better
Grosch’s Law (1952) has been rewritten due to:
Multiple classes of computers
Expanded abilities to configure computers for specific purposes
Increased software costs relative to hardware costs
Large computer databases
Widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces
Multicomputer configurations

32. Business Computer Options “Do We Need A Mainframe?”
A business finds that its old IBM RS/6000 S70 Midrange computer is overloaded with work. The problem needs to be solved.
Options:
1: Purchase more RS/6000 systems,
used, since they are no longer made
2: Upgrade to IBM’s latest mainframes,
the pSeries 670 or 69 systems
3: Develop a scalable hardware platform
IBM blade servers
a cluster of IBM midrange systems

33. The Role of Software
Translates user requests into machine instructions
Performs complex translation process that bridges two gaps
Human language to machine language (binary)
High-level abstraction to low-level detail

34. The Role of Software

35. Software Types Application programs
Stored set of instructions for responding to a specific information-processing tasks
Used directly by end users
Utility programs
Contains instructions for performing general-purpose tasks
Usually operates invisibly in the background
System software
Implements utility functions needed by many application programs
Allocates computer resources to application programs
Manages computer resources
Does not interact with end users

36. System Layers

37. System Software Layers

38. Software/Hardware Layers

39. Operating Systems Most important system software component
Collection of utility programs that provides:
Administrative utilities
Utility services to application programs
Resource allocation functions
Direct control over hardware

40. Operating System Functions
Program storage, loading, and execution
File manipulation and access
Secondary storage management
Network and interactive user interfaces

41. Application Development Software
Programs used to develop other programs
Types
Program translators
Program editors
Debugging tools
System development tools

42. Economics of System and Application Development Software
System software consumes hardware resources
Cost per unit of computing power has rapidly decreased
Software is more cost-effective when reused many times

43. The Relative Cost of Hardware vs. Software

44. Intel CPUs and Microsoft Operating Systems
Software Depends on Hardware
Once hardware has been developed, the capabilities of the software packages can be increased to take advantage of hardware capabilities.
The development of the Intel microprocessors (from the to the Itanium) parallels the development of Microsoft Windows and the application software that it supports.
This comes from cooperation between Intel and Microsoft.

45. Computer Networks
Set of hardware and software components that enable multiple users and computer systems to share information, software, and hardware resources
Enables many types of personal communication

46. Computer Networks

47. External Resources
Ability to share data, programs, and hardware resources among computers
Gives modern organizations flexibility to deploy and redeploy computing and information resources to satisfy rapidly changing needs

48. Network Software Finds requested resources on the network
Negotiates resource access with distant resource allocation software
Receives and delivers resources to requesting user or program
May also listen for and validate resource requests, and deliver resources via the network

49. Network Communication and the Physical Network
Network communication devices
Simpler than I/O devices; do not need to convert data represented electronically into another form
Must support communication at high speeds
Physical network
Complex combination of communication protocols, methods of data transmission, and network hardware devices

50. Summary Basic elements of computer system architecture Hardware
Software
Networks
Importance of knowing how all components of a computer system interrelate as well as their internal workings
Further Readings or Resources: See
for an up-to-date list of reference materials.

51. Chapter Goals Discuss the development of automated computing
Describe the general capabilities of a computer
Describe computer system components and their functions
List computer system classes and their distinguishing characteristics
Define the role and function of application and system software
Describe the economic role of system and application development software
Describe the components and functions of computer networks

52. Next Class Thursday February 9, 2012
Rhys Eric Rosholt
Office:
Office Phone:
Web Site:
Address:
Gillet Hall - Room 304
lehman.cuny.edu